Burst mode error detection and definition

ABSTRACT

A network for detection and correction of errors in a digital signal data stream, using an encoded code remainder that augments the data stream. The network utilizes a linear shift feedback register and a data register that works as a shifter or as a counter in assisting the error detection/correction process. Although the digital signal is in the form of serial data, the data register works with bytes, rather than bits, in a parallel arrangement so that the processing time is substantially reduced.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/099,353, filed Sep. 21, 1987, U.S. Pat. No. 4,979,173.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to detection and correction of burst errors that may arise in the transmission and receipt of digital computer data.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A digital computer operates on words of a predetermined length, each word having an ordered sequence of, say, k bits. When a word, or a series of words, is transmitted and received, some opportunity for error exists, whereby one or more of the resulting bits is in error. One general method of detecting single bit errors is the parity check. The k bits of each word are written in a square matrix or table M, augmented by an appropriate sequence of zeroes if the word length is not some power of the integer two (2), the number of ones (1) in each row (and each column) of the original message is counted, and an even or odd parity symbol is associated with each row (or column) according as the number of ones in that row (or column) is even or odd. The word, or series of words, augmented by the parity check information is then transmitted, and the row/column parity associated with each word or series is again determined. If a single discrepancy in parity occurs in each of one row and one column, an error in transmission/receipt has probably occurred at the bit determined by the confluence of that row and that column. This parity check approach is discussed in Digital Principles and Applications by A. P. Malvino and D.P. Leach, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Third Edition, 1981, pp. 58-62.

Where precisely two errors occur in transmission/receipt of a word, if the two errors occur in two bits in the same row or same column of the matrix M the two errors in that row or column will effectively cancel; and the parity symbol associated with that row or column will provide no information on existence or locations of an error. The troubles are compounded when more than two errors occur in the same word or series of words. One might, for example, encounter a "burst" error, where each of a consecutive sequence of bits is in error. The invention described herein facilitates detection and correction of burst mode errors up to a predetermined burst length.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One object of this invention is to provide apparatus for digital signal error detection and correction in a computer having a data register, where the data register also operates as a counter.

Another object of this invention is to provide apparatus for digital signal error detection and correction that can operate at very high bit processing rates.

Another object of this invention is to provide apparatus for digital signal error correction in a computer that performs serial processing by shifting of a plurality of consecutive bits (such as a byte) rather than by shifting of individual bits.

Other objects of this invention, and advantages thereof, will become clear by reference to the detailed description and accompanying drawings.

The objects of this invention may be realized in one embodiment in a network for detecting and correcting digital signal errors of burst lengths up to a predetermined burst length number in a word of length up to a predetermined number, the network including an M-bit linear shift register, for coding and decoding of signal words, for checking for errors in the signal word and determination of whether an error is correctable, and for error correction if the error is determined to be correctable. The shift register checks for errors by division of the signal word by one of a plurality of predetermined error check polynomials. The network includes a q-bit data register, directly or indirectly connected to the linear feedback shift register and having a mode control input terminal at which it receives a mode control input signal. The data register reads data from q parallel data lines into the data register and loads this data into the linear feedback shift register, shifts data within the data register in response to receipt at the mode control input terminal of a predetermined mode-control input signal, and operates as a counter, with a predetermined initial count and a predetermined final count, upon receipt at the mode control input terminal of a signal other than the predetermined mode control input signal. The integer M is divisible by q.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1a-1i when arranged in the monomer illustrated in FIG. 1, present a schematic view of the linear feedback shift register (LFSR) and related circuits used in one embodiment of the invention, where the error check information in this embodiment is carried by 56 bits, the generator polynomial (one of many suitable choices) is P(X)=X⁵² +X⁵⁰ +X⁴³ +X⁴¹ +X³⁴ X³⁰ +X²⁶ +X²⁴ +X⁸ +1 and the number of bits in the data stream, comprising address mark plus message plus error check bits, is arbitrarily large. This generator polynomial is available under license from its developer, Neal Glover of Data Systems Technology, Broomfield, Colo. and is one of several such polynomials that may be used here. FIG. 1 illustrates the manner in which FIGS. 1a-1i should be arranged to disclose the complete LFSR.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the feedback enable/disable and division polynomial selection circuits contained within the dashed line area n FIGS. 1a, 1b and 1c which is labeled with the reference character 2'.

FIGS. 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d and 3e illustrate the logical routine, including various branch points, followed by the apparatus herein in detection and correction of burst mode errors in digital data.

FIGS. 4a, 4b and 4c when arranged in the manner illustrated in FIG. 4, is a schematic view of register 72_(H), which functions alternately as a shifter and as a counter in the error detection/correction approach discussed herein.

FIG. 5 is a detailed, schematic view of one of the DF2R data storage cells used in FIGS. 4a, 4b, and 4c.

FIG. 6 is a detailed schematic view of one of the D2SL left shift cells used in FIGS. 4a, 4b, and 4c.

FIG. 7 detailed schematic view of one of the D2I counting cells used in FIGS. 4a, 4b, and 4b.

FIG. 8 is a graphic view of the clock phase signals φ1 and φ2(=φ1*) and bit ring signal br[7] associated with the clock driver for the system.

FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a one-input data storage cell DFR used in connection with register 72_(H).

FIGS. 10a-10d, when arranged in the manner illustrated in FIG. 10, provide a detailed schematic view of register 7l_(H) used as a flag bit register to control other operations in connection with the invention.

FIG. 11 is a schematic view of a one-input data storage cell DFWR used in connection with register 7l_(H) in FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 is a schematic view of the error trap interrogation scheme and ecc·error signal generator used in one embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a latch, formed from a tandem arrangement with feedback of two NOR gates.

FIG. 14 is a schematic view of apparatus used to generate the ecc·we signal used in the LFSR in FIGS. 1a-1i.

FIG. 15 is a schematic view of apparatus used to generate the shift clear signal in register 72_(H) in FIGS. 4a, 4b and 4c.

FIGS. 16a-16c, when arranged as illustrated in FIG. 16, comprise a block diagram, showing all input and output signals, of six functional blocks that comprise one embodiment of the invention. Included within parentheses in each of the block is the figure number, or numbers, denoting where the detail of the circuitry included with the block is illustrated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The apparatus and associated method described here is intended to detect and correct most errors in a digital message, represented as usual by a k-tuple. u=(uk₃₁ 1, u_(k-2), . . ., u₁, u₀), where each element or bit u_(i) (0≦i≦k-1) has the value 0 or 1, u_(k-1) represents the most significant bit MSB, and u0 represents the least significant bit LSB of the message. In order to provide for error checks, the original message of length k bits is augmented by the addition of n-k bits of parity or other error check information to form an augmented message of length n bits. Here the length k of the message itself may be arbitrarily large, but the length n-k of the error information portion is a predetermined number, preferably a multiple of the integer 8. The invention described here is intended to work with processors that process eight consecutive bits (one byte), or more generally q consecutive bits, at a time so that the length n of the data word (message plus error check information) is also preferably a multiple of 8.

A polynomial formalism is more easily used here; a general m-tuple or vector v=(v_(m-1), v_(m-2), . . . , v₁, v₀), representing an m-bit word, is represented as a polynomial V(x)=v_(m-1) x^(m-1) +v_(m-2) x^(m-2) +. . ., v₁ x+v₀, where x is a dummy variable, introduced for certain bookkeeping purposes. The original message u=(u_(k-1), u_(k-2), . . ., u₁, u₀), with corresponding polynomial U(x)=u_(k-1) x^(k-1) +u_(k-2) x^(k-2) +. . . +u₁ x+u_(o), is transmitted and is received as an image w=(w_(k-1), w_(k-2), . . . , w₁, w₀), with corresponding polynomial

    W(x)=w.sub.k-1 x.sup.k-1 +w.sub.k-2 x.sup.k-2 +. . . +w.sub.1 x+w.sub.o. (1)

Given a polynomial of degree q-1, viz.

    P(x)=P.sub.q-1 x.sup.q-1 +P.sub.q-2 x.sup.q-2 +. . . +p.sub.1 x+p.sub.o, (2)

a fundamental algorithm of algebra allows one to find a quotient polynomial

    Q(x)=q.sub.r-1 x.sup.r-1 +q.sub.r-2 x.sup.r-2 +. . . q.sub.1 x+q.sub.o

and a remainder polynomial

    R(x)=r.sub.s-1 x.sup.s-1 +r.sub.s-2 x.sup.s-2 +. . . r.sub.1 x+r.sub.o

such that

    U(x)=P(x)·Q(x)+R(x), ps

where degr(R)=s-1<degr(P)=q-l. This algorithm may also be written symbolically as

    U rem P=R,

    U div P=Q.

Assuming that degr(P)=n-k-l so that degr(R)<n-k-l, let ##EQU1## This corresponds, as usual, to augmenting a k-bit message u=(u_(k-1),u_(k-2), . . . , u₁,u_(o)) with an (n-k)-bit error check signal r=(r_(n-k) -l, . . . ,r₁ ·r_(o)) to produce an n-bit word

    t=(u.sub.k-l,u.sub.k-2, . . . ,u.sub.1,u.sub.o,r.sub.n-k-l, . . . ,r.sub.1,r.sub.o),

with the corresponding polynomial T(x) representing the augmented message word.

Typically, an error in transmission or encoding can corrupt the augmented message word t so that the received word h, with associated polynomial H(x), does not correspond precisely to t. The polynomial difference T-H- is an n-bit polynomial E and, because of the binary arithmetic rules,

    T+(T+E)=E=T+H.

Recall that the original message word is expressible as

    T=x.sup.n-k U+Urem P

so that

    T rem P=(x.sup.n-k U+U rem P) rem P=0

and ##EQU2## where S(x) is connoted the syndrome polynomial with corresponding syndrome s=(s_(n-k-l), s_(n-k-2), . . . , s₁, s_(o)). If the polynomial S(x) is identically zero, then either (1) E is a multiple of P (no protection is provided here, except reliance on the small probability of such misdetection) or (2) no error has occurred in encoding/transmission of the message word t and no correction is required. Any non-zero syndrome polynomial is attributable entirely to the error polynomial E(x), not to the original message word t or the corresponding polynomial T(x).

S was created or defined by modular division of E (unknown) by the polynomial P. If this modular division process can be reversed, the original error polynomial E(x) or corresponding error word e can be recovered. Assume that E(x) is expressible as

    E(x)=e.sub.r-1 x.sup.r-1 +e.sub.r-2 x.sup.r-2 +. . . +e.sub.m x.sup.m,

where e_(r-1) and e_(m) are non-zero. A new sequence of polynomials is introduced, defined by

    E.sub.1 =E rem P=S

    E.sub.j+1 =E.sub.j rem P (j≧1)

    S.sub.j =E.sub.j+1

If length (e)=r-m<n-k-1, then for some positive integer j_(o)

    S.sub.j.sbsb.o (x)=e.sub.s-1 'x.sup.s-1 +. . . +e.sub.1 'x'e.sub.o '(e.sub.o '≠0, s <n-k

and S_(j).sbsb.o is the normalized error pattern, with j_(o) being a pointer to the error pattern. With E determined, the corresponding received message h may be correctable. Barriers to error detectability and correctability are discussed by S. Lin and D. J. Costello in Error Control Coding, Prentice-Hall, 1982, pp. 58-68.

The generator polynomial P(x) is also referred to here as the "forward" polynomial, to distinguish it from the "reverse" polynomial

    P.sub.r (x)=x.sup.n-k-1 P(1/x)=p.sub.x x.sup.n-k-1 +p.sub.1 x.sup.n-k-2 +. . . p.sub.n-k-2 x+p.sub.n-k-1.

Similarly, define the reverse syndrome polynomial as

    s.sub.r (x)=x.sup.n-k-1 S(1/x)=s.sub.o x.sup.n-k-1 +s.sub.1 x.sup.n-k-2 +. . . s.sub.n-k-2 x+s.sub.n-k-1.

The invention set forth herein uses a syndrome of maximum degree n-k=56 for illustrative purposes, but this approach may be used for any other degree such as n-k=32,40,48,64, etc. The length of k of the data stream or received message w is likewise arbitrary; in practice, k might be (8)·(256)=2048 or (8)·(512)=4096 or any other large number that is expressible as a multiple of a byte of eight bits.

FIGS. 1a-1i illustrate a portion of the implementation of the invention with n-k=56 and with the choice

    P(x)=x.sup.52 +x.sup.50 +x.sup.43 +x.sup.4l +x.sup.34 +x.sup.30 +x.sup.26 +x.sup.24 +x.sup.8 +1

for the generator polynomial. Other suitable choices of the polynomial are

    P(x)=x.sup.43 +x.sup.4l +x.sup.34 +x.sup.32 +x.sup.28 +x.sup.26 +x.sup.25 +x.sup.2l +x.sup.19 +x.sup.15 +x.sup.10 +x.sup.6 +x.sup.2 +x.sup.1

for n-k=48, or

    P(x)=x.sup.28 +x.sup.26 +x.sup.19 +x.sup.17 +x.sup.10 +x.sup.6 +x.sup.2 +1,

for n-k=32. The choice of P is not a central part of the invention described here, but some choice of P must be made. Conceptually, the equation S =E rem P has the solution E=(S_(j).sbsb.o)_(r) rem P_(r) ; this approach is used for the error correction procedure adopted here.

Division by P(x) (or by P_(r) (x)) is implemented in the following manner, as discussed by Neal Glover in Practical Error Correction Design for Engineers, published by Data Systems Technology, 1982, pp. 19-92. FIGS. 1a-1g collectively show a linear feedback shift register LFSR used in one embodiment of the invention. In FIGS. 1a-1i, the data are passed through a linear feedback shift register LFSR having n-k=56 bits of capacity, with the current LSB residing at bit position 0 and the current MSB (of the 56-bit word contained in the LFSR) residing at bit position 55. As each clock pulse is received by each of the bit positions, the contents of bit position m would normally be shifted "left" to bit position m+1(m=0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 54), and the MSB would be shifted out for further processing. For each nonzero coefficient p_(m+1) of the generator or forward polynomial P(x) (or P_(r) (x)), the bit at position m is first passed to one input terminal of a two-input exclusive OR gate (denoted "XOR" or "⊕" herein), whose other input signal is high (=1) if a certain signal O11 XOR q₅₅ *(O11 is generated from FIG. 2 and q₅₅ is the MSB of the LFSR) is high, feedback is enabled, and the polynomial P(x) (or P_(r) (x)) is activated, and is low (=0) otherwise; the output signal of this XOR gate is passed to bit position m+1. The signal O11 is discussed below. This implements division by P(x) (or P_(r) (x)), if that function is activated; otherwise, the contents of bit position m are shifted to bit position m+1 as if the XOR gate isn't present, with no change in the shifted value.

Before the hardware arrangements are discussed, some of the external inputs (from the outside world) are identified and discussed. The system operates in three modes. The first mode, encode, involves the calculation of the remainder of the polynomial U(x), as discussed above, to form an augmented message polynomial T(x). In the encode mode, the system is writing data and the write gate signal wrg is high, indicating that the network should calculate the remainder R and thus create T.

In the second mode, decode, the network is being used for error detection and H rem P=S is being determined. In this mode, the system is reading data and the read gate signal rdg is high. The signals wrg and rdg are never high simultaneously, but the two signals can be simultaneously low: rdg*=wrg*=1, where A* denotes the Boolean complement of the Boolean variable A(Ox=1 and l*=0 at the bit level).

A third input signal, operative in either the encode or the decode mode, is out·ecc. This signal is used to switch the serial data output stream from the original message u to the remainder r that was (previously) calculated in the linear feedback shift register LFSR shown in FIGS. 1a-1i. The signal out·ecc, when high, disables the operation of division by P (or by P_(r) or P_(crc)) in, or the operation of feedback to, the LFSR. This signal also switches the input of the data output portion of the network.

A fourth input signal, seq·ecc, is used to stop calculations in the decode mode. A fifth input, crc·sel, indicates that the polynomial used for division in the ecc circuit should be, not P(x) or P_(r) (x), but a predetermined 16-place (degree<≦15) polynomial P_(crc) (x) that is used to run detection error checks (with rdg=1) on the received message word h and to encode the original message word t. The use of a CRC polynomial for error checks is well known in the art; it is rare that correction is attempted on detected errors. Two suitable, well known examples of CRC polynomials are

    P.sub.crc (x)=x.sup.12 +x.sup.5 +1

and

    P.sub.crc (x)=x.sup.15 +x.sup.2 +1.

The third mode is the (error) correction mode, which becomes operative after an error has been detected but not yet identified. In this mode, rdg=wrg=0. The first of the inputs in this mode is clear·ecc, which will set the LFSR bit contents to ones if rdg=wrg=0. A second input in this mode is μ·fbd; when this signal is high and rdg=wrg=0, the feedback signal is disabled, as is the polynomial division operation in the LFSR. The μ·fbd signal plays a fundamental role in the syndrome capture and reversal phase of the correction mode.

A third input signal in the correction mode, ecc·dir, determines whether P(x) or P_(r) (x) will be used for division in the LFSR. The reverse polynomial is typically used only in the error pattern computation phase of the correction mode. A fourth input signal, correct, is used to switch the functionality of register 72_(H) (i.e., with the number 72 expressed in hexidecimal rather than decimal notation) between a counter (correct=1) and a shift register (correct=0) in the attempted correction of an error. A fifth input signal, ecc·shift·enable specified by the microprocessor to enable either an eight-bit shift (correct =0) or a 256-byte correction attempt, as discussed below (correct=1); this bit is reset when the enabled operation is completed.

In the error detection mode, the augmented data stream ADS, consisting of the (encoded) k message bits followed by the n-k syndrome bits, enters a NAND gate 11 in FIG. 2; this gate also receives an input signal ecc·corr* that is set=0 only in the correction mode; here, ecc·corr*=1. required, this indicates that the correction mode should be entered and ecc·corr* should be set=0. Using the DeMorgan logical implication laws, the output O₁₁ of the gate 11 is

    O.sub.11 =((ADS) (ecc·corr*))*=ADS*+ecc·corr,

where the usual rules for bit-by-bit logical OR (addition) and AND (multiplication) operations apply, viz:

    0+0=0,

    1+1=1,

    1+0=0+1=1,

    0.0=0.1=1.0=0,

    1·1=1.

The output signal O₁₁ of gate 11 is fed to an XOR gate 13 that also receives the MSB (q₅₅ *) from the 7-byte or 56-bit linear feedback shift register LFSR that will be described below. The output signal O₁₃ of the gate 13 is

    O.sub.13 =O.sub.11 XOR q.sub.55 *=O11·q.sub.55 +O.sub.11 *·q.sub.55 *.

Output signal O₁₃ =1 indicates that feedback is required for processing the ADS. The signal O11 contains the input data stream to be processed (shifted or divided) in the LFSR; in the correction mode, the serial data contributions are disabled by the choice ecc·corr=0 (O₁₁ =1), and the feedback signal becomes

    O13=q.sub.55.

The output signal O13 is fed to each of four three-input NAND gates 15, 17, 19 and 21 that determine which polynomial is activated in the LFSR. A second input signal to NAND gate 15 is crc·sel*, which is low if the CRC option is selected, as discussed above. Such polynomials and their uses are well known in the art of error control coding. A third input signal to NAND gates 15, 17, 19 and 21 is an enable feedback signal O₂₈ =O₂₇ *=enfb that is the inverted output, from an inverter 28, of a two-input NAND gate 27. The enable feedback signal enfb is inactive only during the augmentation phase of the encode mode, when wrg=out·ecc=1, or during the syndrome capture/reversal phase of the correction mode, or when wrg=rdg=μ·fbd* =0. The output signal at each of the four NAND gates 15, 17, 19 and 21 is low only if O13=1 (feedback active) and enfb=1.

The gate 27 receives as input signals the output signals O₂₃ and O₂₅ of two NAND gates 23 and 25 as shown. NAND gate 23 receives two input signals, wrg and out·ecc (command output ecc), as inputs. The signal wrg is high during a write operation (encode mode); and when the out·ecc signal is also asserted (both signals high), the enable feedback signal enfb, as discussed below, is low and the 56-bit word contained in the LFSR is appended to or augments the data stream. NAND gate 25 receives three input signals, μ·fbd, rdg* and wrg*, as inputs. The feedback disable signal μ·fbd is bit r=1 of an eight-bit (r=0,1,2, . . . , 7) register 71_(H).

The output signal O₂₃ is low only if wrg and out·ecc are both high. The output signal O₂₅ is low only if μ·fbd and rdg* and wrg* are all high. The output signals O₂₃ and O₂₅ serve as inputs to the NAND gate 27, which is then inverted by an inverter 28 to produce the enable feedback signal enfb or

    enfb=O.sub.23 ·O.sub.25 =(out·ecc*+wrg*)·(μ·fbd*+rdg+wrg).

The enable feedback signal enfb is high, indicating that serial feedback from the LFSR is selected, only if (1) wrg=0 or out·ecc=0 and (2) μ·fbd=1 or rdg=1 or wrg=1.

The NAND gate output signal O₁₅ is low only if the signals O₁₃, O₂₇ * and crc·sel are high, indicating that the CRC option is selected, feedback is enabled and a feedback signal (O₁₃) is present. The NAND gate 17 receives input signals O₁₃, crc·sel*, ecc·dir* and enfb, and its output signal O₁₇ is low only if each of these four input signals is high. The forward polynomial P(x) is selected if ecc·dir=0, and P_(r) (x) is selected if ecc·dir=1. Similarly, the output signal O₁₉ from the NAND gate 19 is low only if the signals O₁₃, crc·sel*, ecc·dir and enfb are all high.

The NAND gate 21 receives input signals O₁₃, crc·sel* and enfb, and its output signal O₂₁ is low only if each of these three signals is high. The three output signals O₁₇, O₁₉ and O₂₁ are each inverted by respective inverters 31, 33 and 35 to produce the respective output signals O₁₇ *=forward, O₁₉ * =reverse, and O₂₁ *=forward/reverse (or "both"). The signals O₁₅ and O₁₇ are fed to a two-input NAND gate 29 that produces an output signal O₂₉ =O₁₅ *+O₁₇ *=crc·forward.

Output signal O15 is inverted by an inverter 16 to produce a CRC feedback signal O₁₅ *=O₁₆ =crc·fb that is high only if the CRC polynomial is selected and feedback is present. Output signal O₁₇ *=forward is high only if the forward polynomial is selected. Output signal O₁₉ *=reverse is high only if the reverse polynomial is selected. Output signal O₂₁ *="both" is high only if either the forward or reverse polynomial is selected. Output signal O₂₉ =(O₁₅ ·O₁₇)* =crc·forward from NAND gate 29 is active only if either the CRC or forward polynomial is selected. Note that "both" and crc·forward cover bit positions in the LFSR where the various polynomials overlap. As noted above, each of the output signals O₁₅, O₁₇, O₁₉ is low only if enfb=O₂₇ *=1 and O₁₃ =1 (feedback is active). Each of the output signals crc·forward, crc·fb, forward, reverse and "both" controls or activates several XOR gates at predetermined bit positions in the LFSR in FIGS. 1a-1i to implement division by the CRC, forward or reverse polynomials.

The output signals O₁₃ and enfb are fed to a two-input NAND gate 37 that produces an output signal O₃₇ =O₁₃ *+enfb*, which is low only if enfb=1 and feedback is active. A NAND gate 39 receives two input signals, shift and sh[7], and produces an output signal O₃₉ =(shift sh[7])*, with the output signals O₃₇ and O₃₉ being fed to a two-input NAND gate 41 to produce an output signal O₄₁ =d·ecc·φ that is fed to the input terminal of bit 0 of the LFSR. The signal shift=correct+ecc·corr*, where the condition correct=0 indicates that register 72_(H) is used as a shifter rather than as a counter; and sh[7] is the output MSB signal, q₇, of register 72_(H). The correct* signal is high if the data bits contained in the register 72_(H) are to be shifted serially into the LFSR at the LSB position and the data bits in the LFSR are to be shifted serially through the LFSR in the order bit m→bit m+1 (m=O, 1, . . . , 54). The output signal O₄₁ =shift·sh[7]+O₁₃ ·enfb is high if shift and sh[7] are both high, or if the feedback signal enfb and the feedback active signal O₁₃ are both high.

FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D and 3E show schematically the logic of the routine for error detection and correction, if the error is correctable. Let k=8K (K a positive integer) be the message length and let n-k=56 for purposes of illustration. The device initially transfers into the LFSR a stream of A+K+7 bytes, where A is the number of address mark bytes required (e.g., two) and 7 is the length in bytes of the ecc remainder. The syndrome bytes in s are now examined to determine if a detectable error in transmission/receipt has occurred. If such an error has occurred, bit 2 of register 79_(H), also labeled ecc·error and written symbolically here as REG79_(H) <2>, is set high; and the error correction mode is activated by the microprocessor. The seven bytes residing in the LFSR (for the choice n-k=56) represent the syndrome, but the order of the syndrome bits should be reversed to speed the correction process.

First store the contents of registers 73_(H), 74_(H), 75_(H), and 76_(H) in RAM locations M+3, M+4, M+5 and M+6, respectively (M fixed); these four registers contain the bits 24-31, 32-39, 40-47 and 48-55, respectively in the LFSR. Now set the eight-bit contents, expressed in hexidecimal form, of control register 71_(H) equal to O6_(H), written symbolically as REG71_(H) <7-0>=O6_(H) ; this disables the enable feedback signal enfb and shifts the LFSR contents upward one byte (bit m →bit m+8) and shifts REG72_(H) <0-7> into bit positions 0-7 of the LFSR. The procedure of this paragraph is repeated twice so that registers 75_(H), 74_(H) and 73_(H) now contain the three least significant bytes of the original syndrome sequence s. Register contents REG73_(H) <0-7>, REG74_(H) <0-7> and REG75_(H) <0-7> are stored in RAM locations M, M+1 and M+2, respectively.

Now the syndrome must be reloaded into the LFSR. At the end of this operation, the syndrome will be bit reversed, where

bit position 55 of S=bit position 0 of S_(r),

bit position 0 of S=bit position 55 of S_(r).

To reload the syndrome, write the contents of RAM location M into register 72_(H). Set REG 71_(H) <7-0>=O6_(H) ; this will shift the contents of register 72_(H) into the LFSR (shifting the LFSR contents appropriately, with bit m→bit m+8). When bit 1 of register 71_(H) has been cleared, this step is completed and another shift can be started. This step is repeated serially for RAM locations M+1,M+2, . . . , M+6 to complete the syndrome reversal in the LFSR. The syndrome polynomial in the LFSR now corresponds to S_(r).

The error correction procedure, illustrated symbolically in FIGS. 3B, 3C, 3D and 3E, begins by setting a block counter BC=0 initially. BC counts the number of blocks (of 256 bytes each) that have been processed. The maximum number of bytes MB to be shifted is MB=A+K+10, which is three bytes more than the original (augmented) message; these three extra bytes are required by the implemented error trapping mechanism. The number 83_(H) is now written into control register 71_(H). This selects the reverse polynomial correction function and begins dividing the contents of the LFSR by P_(r) (x). Register 72_(H), which has been automatically cleared, now becomes a counter and counts the number of byte division operations performed. After REG71_(H) <l> is cleared, if REG79_(H) <3>=0, no correctable error has been found yet; increment the block counter (initially BC=0). REG79_(H) <3>=correctable =1 indicates that a correctable error may have been found. If BC·256<MB, re-enter the number 83_(H) in register 71_(H) and begin dividing the contents of LFSR again. Register 72_(H) is again cleared and continues to function as a counter. After REG71_(H) <l> is again cleared, re-examine REG79_(H) <3>. If this bit value is 0 and BC·256<MB, continue the cycle.

As the recycling continues, one of two events occurs: (1) BC·256>MB, in which event sufficient shifts have been performed and the detected error is not correctable; or (2) REG79_(H) <3>=1, in which event a correctable error may have been found. One then exits from the loop and continues with the correction routine. If this second event occurs, the number of byte division operations that were made is B=BC·256 +[binary value of register 72 contents], if this "binary value" is nonzero (i.e., 0<"binary value" ≦255); if the "binary value" is zero, then set B=BC·256+256. If B>MB the error is again uncorrectable. If the computed value B is less than or equal to 10, the error is in the ecc field, not in the message itself, and can be ignored.

Assuming 11≦B, the error is in the message field and may be correctable in the following manner. First calculate the displacement

    D=K-(B-10).

At this point the (correctable) error pattern has length at most 22, and this requires at most four bytes to hold, namely RAM locations D, D+1, D+2, and D+3, corresponding to the registers 73_(H), 74_(H), 75_(H) and 76_(H), respectively. For the error pattern in register 73_(H) : if D≧K, the error is in the ecc and one stops; if D<0, increment D and transfer to (the next) register 74; if 0≦D<K-, replace the contents of RAM location D by <D> XOR REG73_(H) <0-7>, where <D> is the bit-by-bit contents of RAM location D, and then increment D. For the error pattern in register 74_(H) =if D≧K, the error is in the ecc field and one stops; if D<0, increment D and transfer to register 75_(Hl) ; if 0≦D<K, replace <D> by <D> XOR REG74_(H) <0-7> and then increment D. For the error pattern in register 75_(H) : if D≧K, the error is in the ecc field, and one stops; if D<0, increment D and transfer to register 75_(H) ; if 0≦D<K, replace <D> by <D> XOR REG75_(H) <0-7> and then increment D. For the error pattern in 76_(H) : if D≧K, the error is in the ecc field and one stops; if D<0, one stops; if 0≦D<K, replace <D> by <D> XOR REG76_(H) <0-7> and stop.

If an error pattern is found, the eight-bit contents of each of the registers 73_(H), 74_(H), 75_(H) and 76_(H) will have a bit b=1 at each bit location where an error occurs, and nowhere else Thus, if one forms the bit-by-bit XOR combination of RAM location D+i with register (73+i)_(H) (i=0,1,2,3) the result is an eight-bit word, and an individual bit or RAM location D+i is changed only if the corresponding bit in register (73+i)_(H) is a one, indicating that an error has been identified at that bit location: b ⊕ 0=b and b⊕1=b* for any bit value in b. The result of the foregoing procedure is that the bit contents of RAM locations D, D+1, D+2 and D+3 are now corrected.

Register 72_(H) functions alternately as a shift register or as a counter and is an important feature of the invention. FIGS. 4a-4c are a schematic view of the register 72_(H) and some associated circuits, showing all interconnections and input signals. This register comprises eight single-bit processor units, numbered 0, 1, 2, . . . , 7, plus a particular arrangement of NAND, NOR and inverter gates shown at the left in FIG. 4a, plus a master-slave flip-flop, labeled DFR, plus six input signals and three output signals and several μbus data lines. Each of the eight processor units comprises: a bus driver, labeled BD; a simple latch, labeled LT; a multiplexed, two-input, master-slave flip-flop or data storage cell, labeled DF2R; a two-input, shift left cell, labeled D2SL; a two-input counting cell, labeled D2I; and a two-input multiplexer, labeled MUX and created from two transmission gates, with appropriate interconnections as shown. Each processor unit processes data in a single-bit stream. The internal details of the cells DF2R, D2SL and D2I are shown schematically in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7, respectively, and are discussed below. For ease of reference, BD no. r, LT no. r, DF2R no. r, D2SL no. r and D2I no. r (r=0, 1, 2, . . . , 7) will be said to be "associated" with one another. One advantage of the invention disclosed herein is that register 72_(H) can operate as a shifter, using the LT, DF2R and D2SL of each processor; or the register 72_(H) can operate as a counter, using the D2I and DF2R cells.

FIG. 5 shows the structure of a DF2R cell, a two-input data storage cell with reset capability, in detail. A first signal d1 is received by the DF2R cell as the output signal q_(LT) (t) from the associated latch LT shown in FIGS. 4a-4c. The eight latches LT receive the eight bits of a byte from eight local microprocessor bus data lines (μbus) and latch the input signal in a standard manner. A latch LT receives a stream of data signals from a μbus data line at the LT data input terminal and receives two control input signals write72 and write72* at two control input terminals; only one of these signals write72 and write72* is necessary, since inversion can be performed inside the latch as well. If write72=1, the latch passes its most recently read data bit to the output terminal; if write72=0, the data bit currently at the output terminal remains in place.

Each of the eight processor units (r=0,1,2, . . . ,7) of the data register 72_(H) also includes a bus driver, BD in FIGS. 4a-4c that reads the signal q_(DF2R) * appearing at the output terminal of the associated DF2R cell, inverts this signal and writes the result q_(DF2R) onto the μbus data line. The bus driver BD receives two control input signals, read72 and read72*, at two control input terminals labeled en and en*, respectively, and receives the data input signal q_(DF2R) from the DF2R cell; receipt of (only) one of the signals read72 and read72* is sufficient, as with the signal write72 above. If read72=0, the current signal is blocked; read72 would be held high when register 72_(H) is to be read by the microprocessor.

A second signal d2 is received by the DF2R cell from another source, discussed below. The first input signal d1 is admitted by the DF2R cell at gate B if load*=0, where load*=ecc·corr+correct is a control signal that is low if the system is in the correction mode or if register 72_(H) operates as a counter; and the second signal d2 is admitted by the DF2R cell at gate A if load*=1. (The Load and Load* signals shown in FIG. 5 are the same as the signals we and we* in FIGS. 4a, b and c.) Precisely one of these two signals d1 and d2 is admitted during any clock pulse interval, determined by a full cycle of the input clock signal φ1 or φ2, where φ2 is substantially the complement of φ1 as shown in FIG. 8.

Within the DF2R cell, the admitted signal d(t) (d1 or d2) encounters a first transmission gate C, which bars passage of the signal d(t) if φ1=0 (φ2=1) and transmits the signal d(t) if φ1=1 (φ2=0). If, at a particular time, a signal d(t) is transmitted by gate C (because φ1=1), this signal will be blocked by gates D and E, which require φ1=0 for transmission. The result of this is that the signal d(t) is held but not recirculated in the loop including the inverters I1 and I2 and the gate D until the clock phase changes again from φ1=1 to φ1=0. When this phase change occurs, φ1=0, gate C closes and gates D and E open so that the signal d(t) is now transmitted beyond gate E; the time is now t+Δt_(CLK) and a new signal d(t+Δt_(CLK)) arrives at and is blocked by gate C. For ease of reference, the time variable t will be replaced by a dimensionless variable t'=t/Δt_(CLK), with (t±Δt_(CLK))/Δt_(CLK) =t'±l.

The signal d(t') is now inverted by inverter I3, and the resulting signal d(t')* appears at the output terminal q* of the DF2R cell. The signal d(t')* is inverted again by inverter I4, and the resulting signal d(t') appears at the output terminal q of the DF2R cell. This signal q is also held or recirculated in a feedback loop (I3,I4,F) with transmission gate F that transmits only for φ1=1. The DF2R cell thus admits a signal d1(t') or d2(t') according as load=0 or load=1; the previously admitted signal is delayed by one clock period and then appears at the output terminal 1 of the DF2R, according as φ1(t')=1 or φ1(t')=0.

FIG. 5 exhibits a two-input data storage cell without set or reset capability. Reset capability may be included by replacing each of the inverters Il and I3 by a two-input NAND gate (not shown), with a second input being a reset signal r*=shift·clear* (normally high) as shown in FIGS. 4a-4c. Set capability may be included by replacing, instead, each of the inverters I2 and I4 by a two-input NAND gate (not shown) with a second input being a set signal (normally high). These remarks on set and reset capability also apply to the descriptions of the DFR and DFWR cells below.

The input signal d2 at gate A is itself the output signal of a multiplexer ("MUX") G that comprises two transmission gates H and J operated in tandem. The gate H receives a gating input signal incr/shift at its direct terminal and a gating signal incr/shift* at its inverted terminal; the gate J receives a gating input signal incr/shift* at its inverted terminal and a gating input signal incr/shift at its direct terminal. Thus, gate H transmits if incr/shift=1 and gate J transmits if incr/shift=0. The signal incr/shift is the inverted output signal of a NAND gate 42, viz.

    incr/shift=(ecc·corr)·(br[7])·(correct).

The input signal, incr, fed to the gate H is received from the associated increment counting cell D2I, as shown in FIG. 7. The input signal, O_(D2SL) to the gate J is received from the associated shift cell D2SL, as shown in FIG. 6. The output signal, at terminal q_(DF2R) of the DF2R cell, is a delayed function of the data input and gating input signals, as illustrated in Table 1 below.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         load     incr/shift      d(t) (input)                                          ______________________________________                                         0        0               d1 = q.sub.LT (t')                                    0        1               d1 = q.sub.LT (t')                                    1        0               d2 = O.sub.D2SL (t')                                  1        1               d2 = incr(t')                                         ______________________________________                                    

The shift cell D2SL, shown in FIG. 6, is similarly constructed A transmission gate K receives the signals ip, shift and shift* and is transmitting only for shift=1. A transmission gate L receives the signals ic, shift* and shift and is transmitting only for shift*=1. Thus, the output signal O_(D2SL) in the D2SL shift cell is O_(D2SL) =ip if shift=1 and is O_(D2SL) =ic if shift*=1. The signal ip represents the immediately preceding value of the q output signal of the preceding DF2R cell, denoted q_(DF2R).sup.(r-1) (for units r=1,2 . . . , 7), as indicated by FIG. 5; and the signal ic represents the current value of the q output signal of the corresponding DF2R cell. The input ip to D2SL (processor unit r=0may be grounded. Thus, the output of the D2SL cell is ##EQU3## where O_(D2SL).sup.(r) denotes the O terminal output signal of D2SL shift cell in unit no. r. Table 2 illustrates the output signal O_(D2SL), as a function of the data input and gating input signals.

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         shift   ip           ic    D2SL Output                                         ______________________________________                                         0       x            0     0                                                   0       x            1     1                                                   1       0            x     0                                                   1       1            x     1                                                   ______________________________________                                    

The counting cell D2I shown in FIGS. 4a-4c is shown in greater detail in FIG. 7. A transmission gate M receives the gating signals q and q* (from the associated DF2R cell) at its "high" and "low" terminals, respectively, so that gate M is transmitting only if q=1. Similarly, gate N is transmitting only if q*=1, and gate P is transmitting only if q=1. If the input signal cin is 1 (0), its inverted value at node #1 is 0 (1), and the doubly inverted value at node #2 is 1 (0). The input signal cin, received at D2I.sup.(r≧1), is the output signal cout produced at D2I.sup.(r-1) ; with cin=correct at D2I.sup.(r=0). One easily verifies that the following Table 3 exhausts all possibilities for the output signals cout and incr arising from the input signals 1 and cin.

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                         input                  output                                                  q       cin            incr   cout                                             ______________________________________                                         0       0              0      0                                                0       1              1      0                                                1       0              1      0                                                1       1              0      1                                                ______________________________________                                    

The array of cells D2I is activated by receipt of an initial signal correct=1 at register D2I.sup.(r=0). From Table 3 above it is easily verified that the D2I outputs are determined by the normal binary arithmetic relations

    incr=q⊕cin (binary sum with carry),

    cout=qcin (carry out),

where ⊕ denotes the exclusive or (XOR) operation. The eight D2I single-bit counting cells that comprise a portion of register 72_(H), operate together as a serial counter with binary counting functions (incr) and carry over functions (cout). When the eight D2I counting cells are all filled with ones, the next increment cin=1 or q=1 at the LSB cell, #0, will change the contents of each such cell D2I to a zero and produce an output signal count·out=1 at the MSB counting cell, D2I.sup.(r=7). At this point, the collection of D2I counting cells recycles and (re)initializes itself. The signal count·out is high only at this time, and this signal may be used to terminate a counting process n=n_(initial) =0,1,2, . . . , n_(limit) =255. If one wishes to change n_(limit) to some other number such as n_(limit) =2^(q) -1 one merely provides a combination of q of the single-bit processor units, connected together as indicated in FIGS. 4a-4c, rather than eight such processor units; but the choice q=8 or a multiple of 8 is preferred here.

The signal ecc·corr is high if the circuit is in the correction mode. The signal correct is high if and only if register 72_(H) is to operate as a counter; if this occurs, the signal correct=1 is delivered to the input terminal cin on cell D2I.sup.(r=0) in FIG. 7 and, as noted above, the eight-bit register 72_(H) becomes a counter with initial value 0 and final value 255.

Bits 7-0 (or, more generally, q-1-0) contained in the register 72_(H) represent the MSB, MSB-1, . . . , LSB, respectively, of the byte to be shifted into the ecc registers that comprise the LFSR. More specifically, when the contents REG72H<7-0> are transferred into the LFSR, these bits are transferred to bit positions #7, #6, . . . , #0 of the LFSR in that order.

The DFR cell shown in FIG. 4a is similar to the DF2R cell discussed above, except that the DFR cell has a single data input signal corr·we plus the same clock gating signals φ1 and φ2. The output signals q_(DFR) =ecc·corr and q_(DFR) * of this cell thus represent mere clock delays for the input signal corr·we and its complement. The DFR cell, shown in FIG. 9 in more detail, thus operates as a storage delay element. The DFR cell with reset capability comprises a first transmission gate tr1 arranged in series with a first feedback loop, including a two-input NAND gate n1 (whose other input signal is a reset signal r* that is normally high), an inverter inv1 and a second transmission gate tr2, arranged in series with a third transmission gate tr3, arranged in series with a second feedback loop that includes a second two-input NAND gate n2 (with r* as the other input signal thereto), a second inverter inv2 and a fourth transmission gate tr4. All four transmission gates here are controlled by the clock phases, with tr1 and tr4 (tr2 and tr3) being transmitting for φ1=1 (φ2=1). The DFS cell shown in FIG. 10, which has set rather than reset capability, functions similarly, with the second input being delivered to the set (rather, than reset) pin.

From FIGS. 4a-4c one notes that the following signals serve as data input signals or gating input signals for the DF2R, D2SL and DFR cells:

    a=incr/shift=(ecc·corr)·br[7]·correct,

    load*=correct+ecc·corr,

    shift=(correct*)·(ecc·corr)=(correct+ecc·corr*)*

With reference to FIG. 5, the transmission gate combination A and B within the DF2R cell admits the input signal d1(t')=qLT(t') only if load*=1; that is, only if correct=1 or ecc·corr=1. If correct=ecc·corr=0, the DF2R cell will admit the input signal ##EQU4##

Bit ring signals br[s] (s=0, 1, 2, . . ., 7) are eight periodic timing signals, each of which is high one cycle out of eight consecutive cycles, and with no two bit ring signals being high at the same time, as shown in FIG. 8. Thus, for example, br[7]=1 periodically for one clock cycle out of eight consecutive cycles so that the signal

    incr/shift=(ecc·corr)·br[7]·(correct)

is high for only one cycle out of eight consecutive cycles.

The input signal corr·we* is fed to the DFR cell in FIG. 4a; and unless the DFR cell is reset or re-initialized by the gen·reset, the output signal ecc·corr* that issues from one output terminal of this DFR cell will be the input signal delayed by one clock cycle, viz

    ecc·corr(t')*=we19 corr(t'-1)*.

FIGS. 10a-10d, when arranged in the manner illustrated in FIG. 10, illustrate the operation of register 71_(H), whose contents act as flag bits to control the mode of operation of register 72_(H) (as a shift register or as a counter) and of the LFSR and related circuits. Register 71_(H) is an array of eight DFR cells, all driven by the signal write71, which signal functions similarly to the command write72 used in register 72_(H). Similarly, the signal read71 and the DFR drivers DFRD in FIGS. 10a-10d act to read out the bit contents REG71_(H) <0-7> in a manner similar to the operation of the signal read72 and the bus drivers BD FIGS. 4a-4c. The flag bits of register 71_(H) correspond to the following commands.

Bit 0=0 : reg. 72_(H) shifter mode

Bit 1=1 : shift REG72_(H) <0-7> into LSBy of LFSR; then clear Bit 1

Bit 0=1 : reg. 72_(H) counter mode

Bit 1=1 : clear reg. 72_(H) ; start correction process; clear Bit 1 if correctable error is found or after contents of LFSR are shifted 256 bytes

Bit 2=1 : LFSR functions as shift register; feedback is disabled

Bit 3=1 : don't care (not used here)

Bit 4 : don't care

Bit 5 : don't care

Bit 6 : don't care.

Bit 7=0 : select forward polynomial

Bit 7=1 : select reverse polynomial.

The output signal q_(o) of cell DFR(^(r=o)) of register 71_(H) is the signal correct, which is=1 if register 72_(H) is operating as a counter. The q output signals of the other seven DFR cells in register 71_(H) here are:

    q.sub.1 =ecc·shift enable,

    q.sub.2 =μ·fbd,

    q.sub.3 =don't care,

    q.sub.4 =don't care,

    q.sub.5 =don't care,

    q.sub.6 =don't care,

    q.sub.7 =ecc·dir.

A high output signal q₁ of cell DFR.sup.(1) of register 71_(H) enables register 72_(H) ; this signal q₁ is fed to a serial combination of two auxiliary DFRs, denoted ASR in FIG. 10, that together resolve asynchronous differences between the clock phase φ2 and the microprocessor write command write71 in FIG. 10b, and produce an output signal GO. The signal GO and another (feedback) signal labeled b1 are fed to a two-input NAND gate 51 that produces an output signal O51=GO* +b1*. Three signals, correct*, count-out and correctable, are fed to a NOR gate 53 and produce an output signal O53=(correct)·(count out*)·(correctable*) that is high only if register 72_(H) currently functions as a counter, the binary value of the contents of the eight cells D2I in register 72_(H) is not 0(modulo 256), and the signal "correctable" discussed below is not=1. The signal O53 and another (feedback) signal b2 are fed to a two-input NAND gate 55 that produces an output signal O55=O53*+b2*; and the signals O51 and O53 are fed to a two-input NAND gate 57 and produce an output signal O57=O51*+O55*=GO·b1+O53.b2. The signal O57 is fed to a one-input DFWR cell 59 that is controlled by the clock gating signals φ1 and φ2, by br[7], and by an initialization or reset signal gen reset*. The output signals q and q* of DFWR cell 59 become the signals b2 and b1, respectively.

The one-input DFWR cell shown in FIG. 10d, and in greater detail in FIG. 11, is constructed similarly to the DFR cell shown in FIG. 9, except that a feedback line FL is added connecting the output terminal q with the input terminal.

The signal GO produced by the ASR in FIG. 10b is ultimately passed to the DFWR, which then uses feedback to hold the value GO at the output terminal q unless the output signal at this terminal is disturbed by a change in the input signal O53. Signal O51 is used to set corr·we (to 1) if corr·we is not already set, and signal O55 is used to keep corr·we set if corr·we is already set. If any term in signal O53 goes high, corr·we is reset (to 0) on the next high signal of br[7]. The output signal q_(DFWR) =corr·we is then passed to a two-input NOR gate 54, whose other input signal is ecc·corr(t')*=corr·we(t'-1)*, corresponding to a previous clock cycle; the output signal O54 from NOR gate 54 is (ecc·corr)·(corr·we*), which is non-zero only for a single clock interval where corr·we changes state, from high to low, and before ecc·corr changes from low to high.

The output signal O54 together with a gen·reset signal is fed to a two-input NOR gate 56 whose output signal O56 goes low whenever gen·reset=1 or O54=1; the output signal O56 is used as a reset signal r* for bit position r=1 of register 71_(H), which produces a "low" signal at q₁ at the end of the shifter phase (correct=0) or at the end of the counter phase (correct=1).

Following the procedure illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B when the contents of the LFSR at this point are the following:

Bits 0-20, all zero,

Bits 21-42, don't care,

Bits 43-55, all zero;

then a correctable error may have been detected and Zcorrect* goes low. Bits 21-42 contain the error terms (max. burst length=22), with bit 21 guaranteed to be non-zero. Correctability of the error is first detected by interrogating the contents of bit positions 0-20 and 43-55, using the five functions Z(0-7), Z(8-15), Z(16-20), Z(43-47) and Z(48-55). The function Z(u-v) is high if and only if the individual bits in positions u, u+1, . . . , v are all zero. These five functions Z(·) are fed to a five-input NAND gate 71, as illustrated in FIG. 12, whose output signal Zcorrect* is low only if each of these five input signals is high. The signal Zcorrect* is fed to a two-input NAND gate 73, whose other input (feedback) signal, denoted correctable*, when low, indicates that the error has already been detected. The signal correctable is set on the next clock event (φ2=1), and corr·we is reset on the next byte boundary (determined by br[7]=1.) On the next clock event (φ2=1) ecc·corr and ecc·we are reset; this freezes the error pattern in the LFSR and the error count in register 72.sub. H, respectively. The output signal O73=Zcorrect*+correctable is high if the syndrome (error) has just been trapped in bit positions 21-42 of the LFSR (q_(j) =0 for bit positions j=0-20 and 43-55 of the LFSR) or if the error has been previously determined to be correctable. The signal O73 is fed to a one-input DFR cell, with clock gating signals φ1 and φ2 and a reset signal r*. The output signal, q*=correctable, of this DFR is fed back to NAND gate 73 as noted earlier. When Zcorrect* first goes low, the signal correctable will also be low; O73 will go high, and after one cycle correctable will also be high so that O73 will stay high even if Zcorrect* goes high (i.e., the syndrome is no longer "trapped" in bit positions 21-42 of the LFSR).

The contents q of LFSR bit positions 21-42 are fed to four NAND gates 75 (bits 21-23), 77 (bits 24-31), 79 (bits 32-39) and 81 (bits 40-42), and the output signals of these NAND gates are inverted by four inverters I6, I7, I8 and I9, respectively, to produce four output signals that are fed to a four-input NAND gate 83 whose output signal O83 is given by ##EQU5## which is the inverted product of the LFSR q* contents of bit positions 21-42. The signal O83 is low only if all q_(j) *(j=21-42) are high, indicating that the data that has been "trapped" in LFSR bit positions 21-42 is identically zero The output signals Zcorrect* and O83 are fed to a two-input NOR gate 85 whose output signal zero·ecc=(Zcorrect) (O83*) is high only if all q_(j) (j=0-55) in the LFSR are zero. The signal zero·ecc is then inverted by an inverter I10 to produce a signal zero·ecc* that is low only if all q_(j) (j=0-55) in the LFSR are zero.

Another output signal O87 is formed by feeding the signal crc·sel and the contents of LFSR bit positions 40-55 to a four-input NAND gate 87 to produce the signal

    zero·crc*=((crc·sel)·Z(40-42)·Z(43-47).multidot.Z(48-55))*

The signal zero·crc* is low if division by P_(crc) has been selected and Z(40-42), Z(43-47) and Z(48-55) are all high, indicating that division in the LFSR by P_(crc) is enabled and all q_(j) (j=40-55) in the LFSR are all zero. The signals zero·ecc* and zero·crc* are then fed to a two-input NAND gate 89 whose output O89 is high if either zero·ecc=1 (all q_(j) =0 in the LFSR) occurs or if crc is selected and zero·crc=1 (q_(j) =0 for j=40-55) occurs. The output signal O89 of gate 89 is inverted by an inverter Ill and fed to one input of a five-input NAND gate 91, whose other input signals are br[2], seq·ecc, zero·count and rdg. The output signal O91 is inverted by inverter Il2 to produce an output signal O91*=O89*·rdg. (zero·count) (seq·ecc)·br[2] that is high at the end of a decode operation, defined by rdg=zero·count=seq·ecc=br[2]= 1, only if the appropriate zero syndrome was not found and an ecc error (or crc error) was detected. The signal O91* together with a feedback signal f is fed to a two-input NOR gate 93 that produces an output signal O93=O91·f* that is fed to a three-input NOR gate 95. The other two input signals fed to gate 95 are clear·ecc and gen·reset so that the output signal from gate 95 is O95=ecc·error=(f+O91*). (clear·ecc*) (gen·reset)*; this output signal is high if an error is detected, using divisor polynomial P or P_(crc). The tandem NOR gate arrangement of 93 and 95 with feedback in FIG. 12 is an example of the tandem NOR gate arrangement with feedback shown in FIG. 13, which operates as an RS latch according to Table 4, where the input signals are labeled R (reset) and S (set). Note that for R=S=1 the system is unstable; the system will stabilize as either R or S goes to 0.

                  TABLE 4                                                          ______________________________________                                         R           S     q            q*                                              ______________________________________                                         0           0     q            q*                                              0           1     1            0                                               1           0     0            1                                               1           1     0            0 (unstable)                                    ______________________________________                                    

FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a latch, formed from a tandem arrangement with feedback of two NOR gates. The output of the latch in FIG. 13 that is driven by the inputs R and S as shown will be called the latch product of R and S. Here the signal ecc·error is the latch product of R=clear·ecc+gen·reset and S=O91*.

A signal sync·detect is generated when the initial portion of an augmented data stream is detected; this signal is passed through a delay cell DF as shown in FIG. 12, and the output signal is a time delayed signal sync·detect·late. With reference to FIG. 14, the signals sync·detect·late* and rdg are fed to a two-input NAND gate 97; and the signals wrg and seq am are fed to a two-input NAND gate 99. The output signal O99 of NAND gate 97 is low only if the system is in the decode mode (rdg=1) and the initial portion of an augmented data stream has not (yet) arrived. The output signal O99 of NAND gate 99 is low only if the system is in the encode mode (wrg=1) and the sequencer timing signal seq·am, which aids in initializing the LFSR in the encode mode, is high. The output signals O97 and O99 are low at the beginning of the decode and encode mode, respectively. The output signals of these two NAND gates plus the signal·gen·reset* are fed to a three-input NAND gate 103, whose output signal O103 is high if the LFSR is to be initialized (set). The O103 signal is buffered to produce the clear·ecc·signal.

The signals out·ecc*, zero·count* and rdg* are fed to a NOR gate 105 whose output (out·ecc)·(zero·count)·(rdg) is high at the end of the decode mode. The output signal O105 is fed to one input of a two-input NOR gate 107 that is a component of a tandem arrangement of NOR gates 107 and 109 that comprise an RS latch as discussed above. The latch component 109 receives the output signal O103 at one of its two inputs. The latch product or output signal O107 is (1) unchanged if O103 =O105=0, (2) high if O105*=O103=1, and (3) low if O105 =O103*=1.

The output signal O107 and the signal sync·detect late are fed to a two-input NAND gate 111; and the output signal O111 plus the signals wrg* and corr·we* are fed to a three-input NAND gate 113 to produce an output signal O113. The signal O113 is fed to a DFR (delay) cell 115 that is driven by the clock phases φ1 and φ2 and by the reset signal gen·reset*; the q terminal output signal of DRF cell 115 is ecc·we. The signal ecc·we=1 allows the LFSR to change state. In the correction mode, ecc·we follows the signal corr·we, delayed by one clock event, through NAND gate 113 and DFR cell 115. In the encode mode, ecc·we follows wrg, delayed by one clock event. In the decode mode, ecc·we is enabled by NAND gate 111, passed through NAND gate 113 and DFR cell 115. Gate 111 will enable gate 113 only if sync·detect·late is high and the decode mode RS latch, consisting of NOR gates 107 and 109 with feedback, is set. The decode mode RS latch will be set by a clear·ecc signal and will be reset at the end of the message to be decoded. The end of the message can be determined by the requirement that zero·count=rdg=out·ecc=1.

The control signal shift·clear used to reset the DF2R data storage cells in FIGS. 4a-4c is generated by the arrangement shown in FIG. 15. Three input signals, correct, ecc·we and corr·we are fed to a three-input NAND gate 121, and the output signal from this gate is fed to a two-input NAND gate 123, together with the input signal gen·reset*. The output signal from NAND gate 123,

    shift·clear=correct·(ecc·we)·(corr.multidot.we)+gen·reset,

is high if gen·reset goes high or if the system is in the correction mode and register 72_(H) is to function as a counter beginning with the present clock event (ecc·we=1).

For ease of reference, may of the "titled" signals are collected here, their functions are indicated, and the mode or modes in which each signal is used is indicated; here (c), (d) and (e) denote correction mode, decode mode and encode mode, respectively.

    ______________________________________                                         ADS (d,c) =  augmented data stream = message                                                (k bits) + syndrome (n-k bits)                                    br[7] (c,d,e) =                                                                             one of eight consecutive counts or                                             clock cycles; aids in byte count-                                              ing in register 72.sub.H                                          crc·fb (d,e) =                                                                     (crc·sel)·(enfb)·(fbactive)            crc·sel (d,e) =                                                                    selects P.sub.crc for polynomial                                               division in LFSR                                                  d·ecc·φ (c,d,e) =                                                     (correct*)·sh[7] + (enfb)·(fbactive);                        data stream for LFSR                                              ecc·error (d) =                                                                    1 if an error is found in signal                                  enfb (c,d,e) =                                                                              0 only during augmentation phase of                                            encode mode, when wrg = out·ecc =                                     1, or during syndrome capture/                                                 reversal phase at correction node,                                             when wrg* = rdg* = μ·fbd = 1.                         fbactive (c,d,e) =                                                                          q.sub.55 ⊕ ((ecc·corr)* · (serial                        data))                                                            out·ecc (d,e) =                                                                    format sequencer timing signal; in                                             encode mode, disables operation of                                             feedback to LFSR and operation of                                              polynomial division; switches                                                  input to data output portion of                                                network (from original message  -u                                             to remainder  -r for augmentation                                 q.sub.55 =   MSB of LFSR                                                       seq·am (e) =                                                                       format sequencer timing signal that                                            aids in initializing ecc in encode                                             mode                                                              wrg (e) =    write gate (= 1 only in encode mode)                              rdg (d) =    read gate (= 1 only in decode mode)                               seq·ecc (d) =                                                                      format sequencer timing signal; used                                           to terminate calculations in                                                   decode mode                                                       sync·detect (d) =                                                                  indicates when first portion of aug-                                           mented data stream has arrived                                    sync·detect·late (d) =                                                    delayed sync·detect signal                               zero·count (d, e) =                                                                format sequencer timing signal; aids                                           in decoding end of mode                                           cin (c) =    cin (register r) = cout (reg. r-1);                                            cin (reg 0) = correct                                             cout (c) =   cin·q.sub.DF2R ; binary carry out signal                              for sum cin + q.sub.DF2R                                          clear·ecc (d, e) =                                                                 sets the LFSR contents to ones for                                             initialization.                                                   correct (c) =                                                                               REG71.sub.H <0> = 1 (= 0) if reg. 72.sub.H is                                  to function as a counter (as a                                                 shift register)                                                   correctable (c) =                                                                           1 if error trap condition for bits                                             0-20 and 43-55 is met                                             count·out (c) =                                                                    1 only when D2I binary count in reg.                                           72.sub.H reaches 256 (= 0 mod 256)                                corr·we (c) =                                                                      input to DFR of reg. 72.sub.H and to                                           ecc·we; enables correction/shift                                      phases; corr·we = 1 in correction                                     mode but goes low at the end of                                                the count phase or the shift phase;                                            corr·we(t'-1) = ecc·corr(t')                    ecc·corr (c) =                                                                     ecc·corr(t') = corr·we(t'-1)                    ecc·dir (c) =                                                                      REG71.sub.H <7> = 0 (= 1) if division by P                                     (by P.sub.r) is selected                                          ecc·shift·enable (c) =                                                    REG71.sub.H <1> = 1 if a 256-byte shift/                                       correction attempt is being made; =                                            0 if circuit is to remain idle                                    ecc·we (c,d,e) =                                                                   1 when the LFSR is allowed to change                                           state                                                             μ·fbd (c) =                                                                     REG71.sub.H <2>; disables feedback signal                                      and polynomial division in LFSR if                                             μ·fbd = 1                                             incr (c) =   q.sub.DF2R ⊕ cin; binary sum with carry                       incr/shift (c) =                                                                            (ecc·corr)·br[7]·(correct);                         multi-                                                                         plexes outputs of incr (D2I) and                                               shifter (D2SL) cells to the DF2R                                               cell in reg. 72.sub.H                                             i1.sub.D2I, i2.sub.D2I =                                                                    il.sub.D2I = i2.sub.D2I * = q.sub.DF2R                            ic.sup.(r) (c) =                                                                            q.sub.DF2R of reg. r; input to D2SL of                                         reg. 72.sub.H                                                     ip.sup.(r) (c) =                                                                            q.sub.DF2R of reg. r-1; input to D2SL of                                       reg. 72.sub.H                                                     REG71.sub.H <0> (c) =                                                                       correct                                                           REG71.sub.H <1> (c) =                                                                       ecc·shift-enable                                         REG71.sub.H <2> (c) =                                                                       μ·fbd                                                 REG71.sub.H <7> (c) =                                                                       ecc·dir                                                  read72.sub.H (c) =                                                                          output contents of DF2R in reg. 72.sub.H                                       to UBUS, if high                                                  write72.sub.H (c) =                                                                         write contents of UBUS into LT of                                              reg. 72.sub.H, if high                                            shift (c) =  (ecc·corr)·(correct*) =                                      1 (= 0) if the output from D2SL is                                             to be ip (ic); high only during                                                noncounting phase of correction                                                mode                                                              shift·clear (c) =                                                                  1 only at beginning of count in                                                reg. 72.sub.H counting phase or when                                           gen·reset goes high                                      sh[7] (c) =  MSB of q.sub.DF2R in reg. 72.sub.H                                load* (c) =  (ecc·corr*)·(correct*); when load* =                         0, the contents of the LT are                                                  loaded into the DF2R in reg. 72.sub.H                             Zcorrect (c) =                                                                              Z(0-7)·Z(8-15)·Z(16-20)·Z(43-47).m                  ultidot.                                                                       Z(48-55)                                                          zero·crc (c) =                                                                     1 if CRC option is enabled and LFSR                                            bits 40-55 are all low                                            zero·ecc (c) =                                                                     1 if all LFSR bits are low                                        φ1, φ2 (c,d,e) =                                                                    free-running clock phases; φ2 = φ1*; one                               clock cycle consists of two consecutive                                        phases (low- high or high-low)                                    ______________________________________                                          (φ1 is the same signal as that labeled B.sub.-- RR.sub.-- CLK1 in          FIGS. 1, 4, 10, 12 and 14);                                              

The names of signals used here are not relevant to the invention but have been chosen as mnemonic tags to indicate the functions of those signal. As noted above, the eight-bit register 72_(H) may be replaced by a q-bit register, with minimum and maximum binary count in the collection of D2I cells of 0 and 2^(q) -1, respectively; in this instance, register 72_(H) would shift q bits, rather than eight bits, into the LFSR upon command. The LFSR itself has been demonstrated with 56=8·7 bit positions. However, the LFSR could as well have M bit positions where M is divisible by q. For example, if the LFSR has length 32 bits, 40 bits, 48 bits or 56 bits, the maximum correctable burst length error appears to be 11, 14, 18 or 22, respectively.

FIGS. 16a-16c present an overview of the major functions of the error detection and correction system, as an assembly of functional blocks with the input signals and output signals as shown. Most of the connections between the blocks are not shown here, to avoid a confusion of lines. Where a signal h and its binary complement h* both serve as input signals to a block (or as output signals from a block), only one of these two signals is shown, both to minimize the number of input lines shown and to indicate that only one such input signal need be provided, with the binary complement of such signal being generated internally by use of an inverter; this is true for all blocks and circuits.

The feedback enable/polynomial select block FBE/PS receives the serial data plus q₅₅ * from the LFSR plus input signals indicating; (1) in which mode (encode, decode or correction) the system currently operates; (2) if the correction mode is currently operative, whether register 72_(H) currently operates as a shift register or as a counter; (3) which of the three division polynomials P or P_(r) or P_(crc) is currently used for division in the LFSR; and (4) whether feedback to the LFSR is currently disabled (encode and correction modes only).

The FBE/PS block produces output signals that: (1) control division by the polynomial P or P_(r) or P_(crc) within the LFSR; and (2) provide the data input stream (d·ecc·φ) for the LFSR at bit position 0 and at bit position 40 (if P_(crc) is active).

The LFSR receives the data input stream d·ecc·φ from the FBE/PS block plus input signals indicating: (1) which divisor polynomial, if any, is currently operative within the LFSR; (2) whether the system is currently in the correction mode; (3) whether the bit contents of the LFSR should be cleared and whether the status of the LFSR should be changed; (4) the clock phase signal; and (5) whether one or more of four eight-bit registers should be read for storage in a RAM for subsequent processing.

The LFSR generates output signal q₅₅ * that represents the incoming data stream d·ecc·φ after repeated division by the chosen divisor polynomial P or P_(r) or P_(crc), if any, which is fed back as an output signal to the FBE/PS block. The LFSR bit contents q_(o) -q₅₅ are sent to the ET block for error trapping examination by the block ET.

The ET block receives the bit contents q_(o) -q₅₅ from the LFSR plus input signals indicating: (1) whether the initial portion of the incoming data stream has just arrived (sync·detect); (2) whether the CRC polynomial is currently selected for division within the LFSR; (3) whether register 72_(H) currently operates as a counter in the correction mode; (4) whether the bit contents of the LFSR should be cleared and (5) the clock phase signal and certain other timing information.

The ET block produces output signals: (1) indicating whether the error trap condition (bits q_(o) -q₂₀ and q₄₃ -q₅₅ all zero in the LFSR) is met so that the message error, if any, may be correctable; and (2) whether an error has been detected in the received message h.

The TECC block provides as output timing signals and ecc control signals, shift·clear and ecc·we, using certain timing signals plus input signals indicating: (1) whether the initial portion of an incoming data stream has just arrived; (2) whether the system is in the correction mode, and if so whether register 72_(H) currently operates as a counter; (3) whether feedback to the LFSR is currently disabled (encode mode only); and (4) whether initialization is being or has been performed in the decode mode.

Register 71_(H) receives input signals indicating: (1) whether selected current bit contents of register 71_(H) should be transmitted on a μbus line; (2) whether the contents of a μbus line should be written into register 71_(H) ; (3) whether the message error may be correctable; (4) whether register 72_(H), used as a counter, has reached its maximum count (255 or 2^(q) -1); and (5) the clock phase signal. Register 71_(H) provides output signals indicating: (1) that the system is currently in the correction mode, and if so whether register 72_(H) currently operates as a counter; (2) whether LFSR feedback is currently disabled (correction mode); and (3) which division polynomial P or P_(r), if either, should be currently used in the LFSR.

Register 72_(H) performs data read, data write, data shifting and counting operations. Register 72_(H) receives input signals indicating: (1) whether the current bit contents of register 72_(H) should be transmitted on a μbus line; (2) whether the contents of a μbus line should be written into register 72_(H) ; (3) whether register 72_(H) should operate as a counter; (4) whether the system is currently in the correction mode; (5) whether register 72_(H) should be reset; (6) whether a byte boundary is present; and (7) the clock phase signal.

The foregoing presentation has used logical zeroes and logical ones (i.e., voltage signals whose values are treated as having the respective values 0 and 1 for purposes of binary operations such as addition and multiplication and formation of exclusive or sums). It should be understood that the voltage values associated with a logical zero and a logical one are not necessarily substantially zero and positive, respectively. Using ECL logic, for example, a logical zero and a logical one may correspond, respectively, to the voltages -1.8 volts and -0.9 volts. Further, the data and control signals may be replaced by their binary complements, with the necessary changes being made in the NAND, NOR and inverter gates, and the network would work conceptually as before. Further, the left shift cells D2SL shown in FIGS. 4a, 4b, 4c and 6 may be replaced by right shift cells, with the necessary changes being made in output terminal connections in FIG. 4a-4c and the network would work as well. Further, although the assembly counting cells D2I in FIGS. 4a-4c are arranged there to behave as an incrementer (n=n_(initial) →n_(i) +1→n_(i) +2 →. . . n_(limit)), this subsystem will also work as a decrementer (n=n_(i) →n_(i) -1→n_(i) -2 →. . . →n_(limit)).

Certain signals used by these modules are not generated within this system but are generated "externally" by another part of the microprocessor system that is not otherwise involved in the error detection and correction process. These "external" signals include the timing signals br[s](s=0,1,2, . . . ,7 or q-1), seq·am, seq·ecc, zero·count, sync·detect, control signals out·ecc, crc·sel, rdg, wrg, read71, write71, read72, write72 and gen·reset, and the data streams serial data and μbus (0,1,2, . . . ,7 or q-1).

The invention described herein offers the following improvements:

1. Register 72_(H), the data register, functions as a byte shifter in one phase of the correction mode and as a counter in another phase of the correction mode;

2. Error trapping occurs in the middle of a 56-bit error pattern, rather than occurring at the end, so that zero time delay for stopping is not required; this allows use of a higher bit rate, here up to 24 MHz;

3. A byte-shifting (rather than bit-shifting) mechanism is used here for a serial processor, using the signals br[7] and incr/shift for control; the incremental unit is a byte, not a bit;

4. Error alignment is automatic at completion of the syndrome capture/reversal phase of the error correction mode;

5. Bit reversal for the syndrome reversal process is automatic;

6. Use of four-byte read capability allows the entire error pattern to be read in one segment for maximum burst length (22 or other burst length number appropriate to the number n-k); and

7. Time required for error correction is reduced by a factor of about 2,000. 

We claim:
 1. In an apparatus for reversing the error syndrome of a received digital message word that is a corrupted version of a transmitted digital message word generated from an original digital message word using a shortened cyclic code, said error syndrome consisting of multiple q-bit bytes and residing in an M-bit LFSR means, an improved network comprising:M-bit LFSR means including one or more data output ports, each of said output ports being q-bit-wide, where q is greater than one and less than M, for providing q-bit bytes of said error syndrome from the contents of said M-bit LFSR means, and further including a data input port for receiving q-bit bytes of the reverse of said error syndrome, said q-bit reverse error syndrome bytes displacing the previous contents of said M-bit LFSR means; processor means including a q-bit-wide data output port, and a q-bit-wide data input port for receiving a sequence of q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome; first coupling means coupling at least one of said LFSR q-bit-wide data output ports to said processor q-bit-wide data input port, said first coupling means including q conductors, the conductor connected to the most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, the conductor connected to the next most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the next least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, and similarly for all of said bits, such that the order of said bits is directly and immediately reversed by said q conductors, thereby converting each q-bit byte of said error syndrome from said one or more LFSR q-bit-wide data output ports to a corresponding q-bit byte of said reverse error syndrome at said processor q-bit-wide data input port; q-bit-wide register means including a data output port connected to said LFSR data input port, and a q-bit-wide data input port for receiving said q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome, said q-bit-wide register means providing said q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome at said data output port; second coupling means coupling said processor q-bit-wide data output port to said q-bit-wide register data input port, said second coupling means including q conductors, the conductor connected to the most significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the most significant bit of said q-bit-wide register data input port, the conductor connected to the next most significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the next most significant bit of said q-bit-wide register data input port, and similarly for all of said bits, such that the order of said bits is unchanged, thereby directly and immediately coupling each q-bit byte of said reverse error syndrome from said processor q-bit-wide data output port to said q-bit-wide register data input port; said processor means further being a means for producing unchanged in bit order, at said processor q-bit-wide data output port, said q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome in a sequence ordered such that said reverse error syndrome is formed in said M-bit LFSR means.
 2. In an apparatus for reversing an error syndrome of a received digital message word, consisting of multiple q-bit bytes, that is a corrupted version of a transmitted digital message word generated from an original digital message word using a shortened cyclic code based on an error-check polynomial, said error syndrome consisting of multiple q-bit bytes and residing in an M-bit LFSR means, and for performing a computation to attempt to identify the location and the pattern of an error introduced into said received digital message word by recycling said reverse error syndrome in an M-bit LFSR means using the reverse of said error-check polynomial, and improved network comprising:counter means including a data output port; error-trap means including a data input port; M-bit LFSR means including a first data output port connected to said error-trap means data input port, and one or more second data output ports, each of said second data output ports being q-bit-wide, where q is greater than one and less than M, for providing q-bit bytes of said error syndrome from the contents of said LFSR means, and further including a data input port for receiving q-bit-bytes of the reverse of said error syndrome, said q-bit reverse error syndrome bytes displacing the previous contents of said LFSR means; processor means including a q-bit-wide data output port, and a q-bit-wide data input port for receiving a sequence of q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome and for receiving one or more q-bit bytes of the pattern of said correctable error; first coupling means coupling at least one of said LFSR q-bit-wide second data output ports to said processor q-bit-wide data input port, said first coupling means including q conductors, the conductor connected to the most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide second data output port being connected to the least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, the conductor connected to the next most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide second data output port being connected to the next least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, and similarly for all of said bits, such that the order of said bits is directly and immediately by said q conductors thereby:(1) converting each q-bit byte of said error syndrome from said one or more LFSR q-bit-wide second data output ports to a corresponding q-bit byte of said reverse error syndrome at said processor q-bit-wide data input port; and (2) converting each q-bit byte of the reverse of the pattern of said correctable error from said one or more LFSR q-bit-wide second data output ports to a corresponding q-bit byte of the pattern of said correctable error at said processor q-bit wide data input port; q-bit-wide register means including a data output port connected to said LFSR data input port, and a q-bit-wide data input port for receiving said q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome, said q-bit-wide register means providing said q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome at said data output port; second coupling means coupling said processor q-bit-wide data output port to said q-bit-wide register data input port, said second coupling means including q conductors, the conductor connected to the most significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the most significant bit of said q-bit-wide register data input port, the conductor connected to the next most significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the next most significant bit of said q-bit-wide register data input port, and similarly for all of said bits, such that the order of said bits is unchanged, thereby directly and immediately coupling each q-bit byte of said reverse error syndrome from said processor q-bit-wide data output port to said q-bit-wide register data input port; said processor means further being a means for producing unchanged in bit order, at said processor q-bit-wide data output port, said q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome in a sequence ordered such that said reverse error syndrome is formed in said M-bit LFSR means; said M-bit LFSR means and said encounter means each being connected to receive and each being operative from a free-running clock signal originating external to said network, and each being connected to receive an initiation signal; said M-bit LFSR means responding to said initiation signal by recycling said reverse error syndrome in a series of recycling operations, and by providing at said LFSR first data output port information about the contents of said M-bit LFSR means as of each recycling operation, said series of recycling operations occurring the rate of said free-running clock signal, said error-trap means examining said information about said LFSR contents to determine if a correctable error has been identified, generating a first termination signal upon identification of a correctable error, and providing directly and immediately said first termination signal to said M-bit LFSR means and to said counter means, said examining occurring during each recycling operation of said series of recycling operations and occurring at the rate of said free-running clock signal; said counter means responding to said initiation signal by updating and maintaining count information about the number of said recycling operations that have occurred since the most recent occurrence of said initiation signal, by examining said count information to determine if a limit count has been reached, by generating a second termination signal upon said reaching of said limit count, and by directly and immediately providing said second termination signal to said M-bit LFSR means, said updating and said examining occurring during said recycling operations and occurring at a rate responsive to the rate of said free-running clock signal, said counter means providing, after termination of said series of recycling operations, said count information at said data output port; said M-bit LFSR means stopping said series of recycling operations in response to either said first termination signal or said second termination signal to provide, from the contents of said M-bit LFSR means through said one or more LFSR second data output ports and through said first coupling means, q-bit bytes of the pattern of said introduced error; said network in response to said initiation signal being self operative, without external intervention, external control or program control, to perform and to count recycling operations occurring at the rate of said free-running clock signal until said network identifies a correctable error or reaches a limit count; whereby after identification of a correctable error, said processor means may receive q-bit bytes of the pattern of said correctable error from said one or more LFSR second data output ports through said first coupling means, and said processor may receive information indicative of the location of said correctable error within said received digital message word from said counter data output port; and, whereby said q-bit bytes of said error pattern may be used, without external bit reversal, to correct said q-bit bytes of said received digital message word that contain said introduced error.
 3. An apparatus in accordance with claim 2, wherein;said processor means further receiving said first termination signal from said error-trap means and receiving said second termination signal from said counter means, and further providing an initiation signal both to said M-bit LFSR means and to said counter means both at the beginning of said series of recycling operations and in response to occurrences of said second termination signal when additional recycling operations may identify said error introduced in said received digital message word.
 4. In an apparatus for reversing an error syndrome of a received digital message word, consisting of multiple q-bit bytes, that is a corrupted version of a transmitted digital message word generated from an original digital message word using a shortened cyclic code based on an error-check polynomial, said error syndrome consisting of multiple q-bit bytes and residing in an M-bit LFSR means, and for performing a computation to attempt to identify the location and the pattern of an error introduced into said received digital message word by recycling said reverse error syndrome in an M-bit LFSR means using the reverse of said error-check polynomial, an improved network comprising:error-trap means including a data input port; M-bit LFSR means including a first data output port connected to said error-trap means data input port, and one or more second data output ports, each of said second data output ports being q-bit-wide, where q is greater than one and less than M, for providing q-bit bytes of said error syndrome from the contents of said LFSR means, and further including a data input port for receiving q-bit bytes of the reverse of said error syndrome, said q-bit reverse error syndrome bytes displacing the previous contents of said M-bit LFSR means; processor means including a q-bit-wide data output port, and a q-bit-wide data input port for receiving a sequence of q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome and for receiving one or more q-bit bytes of the pattern of said correctable error; first coupling means coupling at least one of said LFSR q-bit-wide second data output ports to said processor q-bit-wide data input port, said first coupling means including q conductors, the conductor connected to the most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide second data output port being connected to the least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, the conductor connected to the next most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide second data output port being connected to the next least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, and similarly for all of said bits, such that the order of said bits is directly and immediately reversed by said q conductors, thereby:(1) converting each q-bit byte of said error syndrome from said one or more LFSR q-bit-wide second data output ports to a corresponding q-bit byte of said reverse error syndrome at said processor q-bit-wide data input port; and, (2) converting each q-bit byte of the reverse of the pattern of said correctable error from said one or more LFSR q-bit-wide second data output ports to a corresponding q-bit byte of the pattern of said correctable error at said processor q-bit wide data input port; q-bit-wide register/counter means including a first data output port connected to said LFSR data input port, and a q-bit-wide data input port for receiving said q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome, said q-bit-wide register/counter means providing said q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome at said first data output port, said q-bit-wide register/counter means further including a second data output port; second coupling means coupling said processor q-bit-wide data output port to said q-bit-wide register/counter data input port, said second coupling means including q conductors, the conductor connected to the most significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the most significant bit of said q-bit-wide register/counter input port, the conductor connected to the next most significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the next most significant bit of said q-bit-wide register/counter input port, and similarly for all of said bits, such that the order of said bits is unchanged, thereby directly and immediately coupling each q-bit byte of said reverse error syndrome form said processor q-bit-wide data output port to said register/counter q-bit-wide data input port; said processor means further being a means for producing unchanged in bit order, at said processor q-bit-wide data output port, said q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome in a sequence ordered such that said reverse error syndrome is formed in said LFSR means; said M-bit LFSR means and said q-bit-wide register/counter means each being connected to receive and each being operative from a free-running clock signal origination external to said network, and each being connected to receive an initiation signal; said M-bit LFSR means responding to said initiation signal by recycling said reverse error syndrome in a series of recycling operations, and by providing at said LFSR first data output port information about the contents of said M-bit LFSR means as of each recycling operation, said series of recycling operations occurring at the rate of said free-running clock signal, said error-trap means examining said information about said LFSR contents to determine if a correctable error has been identified, generating a first termination signal upon identification of a correctable error, and providing directly and immediately said first termination signal to said M-bit LFSR means and to said q-bit-wide register/counter means, said examining occurring during each recycling operation of said series of recycling operations and occurring at the rate of said free-running clock signal; said q-bit-wide register/counter means responding to said initiation signal by updating and maintaining count information about the number of said recycling operations that have occurred since the most recent occurrence of said initiation signal, by examining said count information to determine if a limit count has been reached, by generating a second termination signal upon said reaching of said limit count, and by directly and immediately providing said second termination signal to said M-bit LFSR means, said updating and said examining occurring during said recycling operations an occurring at a rate responsive to the rate of said free-running clock signal, said q-bit-wide register/counter means providing, after termination of said series of recycling operations, said count information at said second data output port; said M-bit LFSR means stopping said series of recycling operations in response to either said first termination signal or said second termination signal to provide, from the contents of said M-bit LFSR means through said one or more LFSR second data output ports and through said first coupling means, q-bit bytes of the pattern of said introduced error; said network in response to said initiation signal being self operative without external intervention, external control or program control to perform and to count recycling operations occurring at the rate of said free-running clock signal until said network identifies a correctable error or reaches a limit count; whereby after identification of a correctable error, said processor means may receive q-bit bytes of the pattern of said correctable error from said one or more LFSR second data output ports through said first coupling means, and said processor may receive information indicative of the location of said correctable error within said received digital message word from said q-bit-wide register/counter second data output port; and whereby said q-bit bytes of said error pattern may be used, without external bit reversal, to correct said q-bit bytes of said received digital message word that contain said introduced error.
 5. An apparatus in accordance with claim 4, wherein;said processor means further receiving said first termination signal from said error-trap means and receiving said second termination signal from said q-bit-wide register/counter means, and further providing an initiation signal both to said M-bit LFSR means and to said q-bit-wide register/counter means both at the beginning of said series of recycling operations and in response to occurrences of said second termination signal when additional recycling operations may identify said error introduced in said received digital message word.
 6. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein:in response to either said first termination signal or said second termination signal, said M-bit LFSR means stops said series of recycling operations when the number of said recycling operations performed is evenly divisible by q, said second data output port of said q-bit-wide register/counter means provides information indicative of the byte offset of the location of said introduced error within said received digital message word, and said q-bit bytes of the reverse of the pattern of said introduced error provided, after identification of a correctable error, from said one or more LFSR second data output ports have boundaries that align with the boundaries of the q-bit bytes of said received digital message word, whereby said q-bit bytes of said reverse error pattern may be used, without external bit shifting to align said boundaries, to correct said q-bit bytes of said received digital message word that contain said introduced error.
 7. The apparatus of claim 2 or 3 wherein:in response to either said first termination signal or said second termination signal, said M-bit LFSR means stops said series of recycling operations when the number of said recycling operations performed is evenly divisible by q, said second data output port of said counter means provides information indicative of the byte offset of the location of said introduced error within said received digital message word, and said q-bit bytes of the reverse of the pattern of said introduced error provided, after identification of a correctable error, from said one or more LFSR second data output ports have boundaries that align with the boundaries of the q-bit bytes of said received digital message word, whereby said q-bit bytes of said reverse error pattern may be used, without external bit shifting to align said boundaries, to correct said q-bit bytes of said received digital message word that contain said introduced error.
 8. A method for reversing an error syndrome consisting of multiple q-bit bytes residing in an M-bit LFSR means, comprising:(1) transferring a q-bit byte of said error syndrome from said M-bit LFSR means, where q is greater than one and less than M, that has one or more q-bit-wide data output ports to a processor means that has a q-bit-wide data input port through at least one set of q conductors, the conductor connected to the most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, the conductor connected to the next most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the next least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, and similarly for all of said bits, such that the order of said bits is directly and immediately reversed by said q conductors, thereby converting each q-bit byte of said error syndrome from said one or more LFSR q-bit-wide data output ports to a corresponding q-bit byte of the reverse of said error syndrome at said processor q-bit-wide input port; (2) storing, in said processor means, said reverse error syndrome byte transferred in step 1; (3) repeating steps 1 through 2 in a sequence such that all bytes of said error syndrome are transferred and all bytes of said reverse error syndrome are stored; (4) recalling unchanged in bit order from said processor means, one of said reverse error syndrome bytes stored in step 2; (5) transferring said reverse error syndrome byte recalled in step 4 from said processor means to a q-bit-wide register means and subsequently from said q-bit-wide register means to said M-bit LFSR means, said transfer displacing the previous contents of said M-bit LFSR means; and (6) repeating steps 4 through 5 once for each byte of said reverse error syndrome, said bytes recalled in step 4 being chosen in a sequence such that said reverse error syndrome is formed in said M-bit LFSR means.
 9. A method for reversing an error syndrome that consists of multiple q-bit bytes, that resides in an M-bit LFSR means, and that is derived from a received digital message word consisting of multiple q-bit bytes and being a corrupted version of a transmitted digital message word generated using a shortened cyclic code based on an error-check polynomial, said method further being for attempting to identify the location and pattern of the error introduced into said received digital message word, comprising:(1) transferring a q-bit byte of said error syndrome from said M-bit LFSR means, where q is greater than one and less than M, that has one or more q-bit-wide data output ports to a processor means that has a q-bit-wide data input port through at least one set of q conductor, the conductor connected to the most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, the conductor connected to the next most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the next least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, and similarly for all of said bits, such that the order of said bits is directly and immediately reversed by said q conductors, thereby converting each q-bit byte of said error syndrome from said one or more LFSR q-bit-wide data output ports to a corresponding q-bit byte of the reverse of said error syndrome at said processor q-bit wide input port; (2) storing, in said processor means, said reverse error syndrome byte transferred in step 1; (3) repeating steps 1 through 2 in a sequence such that all bytes of said error syndrome are transferred and all bytes of the reverse of said error syndrome are stored; (4) recalling unchanged in bit order from said processor means, one of said reverse error syndrome bytes stored in step 2; (5) transferring said reverse error syndrome byte recalled in step 4 from said processor means to a q-bit-wide register means and subsequently from said q-bit-wide register means to said M-bit LFSR means, said transfer displacing the previous contents of said M-bit LFSR means; (6) repeating steps 4 through 5 once for each byte of said reverse error syndrome, said bytes recalled in step 4 being chosen in a sequence such that said reverse error syndrome is formed in said M-bit LFSR means; (7) initializing a counter means to a predetermined start count; (8) simultaneously initiating each of the following operations and concurrently performing said operations:(a) performing a recycling operation to replace the contents of said M-bit LFSR means with the results of operating upon the contents of said M-bit LFSR means as of the start of said recycle operation, said recycling operation using the reverse of said error-check polynomial, (b) trapping the reverse of the pattern of said introduced error by examining, in a error-trap means, the contents of said M-bit LFSR means as of the start of said recycle operation to determine if a correctable error has been identified and, if said identification of a correctable error occurs, asserting an error-identified signal and providing said error-identified signal directly and immediately from said error-trap means to said M-bit LFSR means and to said counter means; p2 (c) maintaining and updating, in said counter means, count information indicative of the number of said recycling operations performed and, if said count information reaches a predetermined limit count, asserting a limit-count signal and providing said limit-count signal directly and immediately from said counter means to said M-bit LFSR means; (9) repeating step 8 at the rate of a free-running clock signal until either said limit-count signal or said error-identified signal is asserted; and (10) making available, after said identification of a correctable error:(a) q-bit bytes of the pattern of said correctable error from the contents of said M-bit LFSR means via said set of q conductors, whereby said q-bit bytes of said error pattern may be used, without external bit reversal, to correct said q-bit bytes of said received digital message word that contain said introduced error; and (b) said count information from said counter means to indicate the location of said correctable error within said received digital message word.
 10. A method in accordance with claim 9, wherein between step 9 and step 10 said method further comprises the step of:if said limit-count signal is asserted and if additional recycling operations may identify said error introduced in said received digital message word, then returning to an continuing from step
 7. 11. A method for reversing an error syndrome that consists of multiple q-bit bytes, that resides in an M-bit LFSR means, and that is derived from a received digital message word consisting of multiple q-bit bytes and being a corrupted version of a transmitted digital message word generated using a shortened cyclic code based on an error-check polynomial, said method further being for attempting to identify the location and pattern of the error introduced into said received digital message word comprising:(1) transferring a q-bit byte of said error syndrome from said M-bit LFSR means, where q is greater than one and less than M, that has one or more q-bit-wide data output ports to a processor means that has a q-bit-wide data input port through at least one set of q conductors, the conductor connected to the most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, the conductor connected to the next most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the next least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, and similarly for all of said bits, such that the order of said bits is directly and immediately reversed by said q conductors, thereby converting each q-bit byte of said error syndrome from said one or more LFSR q-bit-wide data output ports to a corresponding q-bit byte of the reverse of said error syndrome at said processor q-bit wide input port; (2) storing, in said processor means, said reverse error syndrome byte transferred in step 1; (3) repeating steps 1 through 2 in a sequence such that all bytes of said error syndrome are transferred and all bytes of the reverse of said error syndrome are stored; (4) recalling unchanged in bit order form said processor means, one of said reverse error syndrome bytes stored in step 2; (5) transferring said reverse error syndrome byte recalled in step 4 from said processor means to a q-bit-wide register/counter means and subsequently from said q-bit-wide register/counter means to said M-bit LFSR means, said transfer displacing the previous contents of said M-bit LFSR means; (6) repeating steps 4 through 5 once for each byte of said reverse error syndrome, said bytes recalled in step 4 being chosen in a sequence such that said reverse error syndrome is formed in said M-bit LFSR means; (7) initializing said q-bit-wide register/counter means to a predetermined start count; (8) simultaneously initiating each of the following operations and concurrently performing said operations:(a) performing a recycling operation to replace the contents of said M-bit LFSR means with the results of operating upon the contents of said M-bit LFSR means as of the start of said recycle operation, said recycling operation using the reverse of said error-check polynomial, (b) trapping the reverse of the pattern of said introduced error by examining, in a error-trap means, the contents of said M-bit LFSR means as of the start of said recycle operation to determine if a correctable error has been identified and, if said identification of a correctable error occurs, asserting an error-identified signal and providing said error-identified signal directly and immediately form said error-trap means to said M-bit LFSR means and to said q-bit-wide register/counter means; (c) maintaining and updating, in said q-bit-wide register/counter means, count information indicative of the number of said recycling operations performed and, if said count information reaches a predetermined limit count, asserting a limit-count signal and providing said limit-count signal directly and immediately from said q-bit-wide register/counter means to said M-bit LFSR means; (9) repeating step 8 at the rate of a free-running clock signal until either said limit-count signal or said error-identified signal is asserted; and (10) making available, after said identification of a correctable error:(a) q-bit bytes of the pattern of said correctable error from the contents of said M-bit LFSR means via said set of q conductors, whereby said q-bit bytes of said error pattern may be used, without external bit reversal, to correct said q-bit bytes of said received digital message word that contain said introduced error; and, (b) said count information from said q-bit-wide register/counter means to indicate the location of said correctable error within said received digital message word.
 12. A method in accordance with claim 11, wherein between step 9 and step 10 said method further comprises the step if said limit-count signal is asserted and if additional recycling operations may identify said error introduced in said received digital message word, then returning to and continuing from step
 7. 13. The method of any one of claims 4 through 11 wherein;in response to assertion of either said error-identified signal or said limit-count signal, said recycling operations stop when the number of said recycling operations performed is evenly divisible by q, said making available, after identification of a correctable error, of said count information provides information indicative of the byte offset of the location of said correctable error within said received digital message word, and said making available, after identification of a correctable error, of the contents of said M-bit LFSR means to indicate the pattern of said correctable error provides said LFSR contents in the form of q-bit bytes having boundaries that align with the boundaries of the q-bit bytes of said received digital message word, whereby said q-bit bytes of said reverse error pattern may be used, without external bit shifting to align said boundaries, to correct said q-bit bytes of said received digital message word that contain said introduced error.
 14. A method for reversing an error syndrome that consists of multiple q-bit bytes, that resides in an M-bit LFSR means, and that is derived from a received digital message word consisting of multiple q-bit bytes and being a corrupted version of a transmitted digital message word generated using a shortened cyclic code based on an error-check polynomial, said method further being for attempting to identify the location and pattern of the error introduced into said received digital message word, comprising:(1) transferring a q-bit byte of said error syndrome from said M-bit LFSR means, where q is greater than one and less than M, that has one or more q-bit-wide data output ports to a processor means that has a q-bit-wide data input port through at least one set of q conductors, the conductor connected to the most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, the conductor connected to the next most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the next least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, and similarly for all of said bits, such that the order of said bits is directly and immediately reversed by said q conductors, thereby converting each q-bit byte of said error syndrome form said one or more LFSR q-bit-wide data output ports to a corresponding q-bit-byte of the reverse of said error syndrome at said processor q-bit-wide input port; (2) storing, in said processor means, said reverse error syndrome byte transferred in step 1; (3) repeating steps 1 through 2 in a sequence such that all bytes of said error syndrome are transferred and all bytes of the reverse of said error syndrome are stored; (4) recalling unchanged in bit order from said processor means, one of said reverse error syndrome bytes stored in step 2; (5) transferring said reverse error syndrome byte recalled in step 4 from said processor means to a q-bit-wide register/counter means and subsequently from said q-bit-wide register/counter means to said M-bit LFSR means, said transfer displacing the previous contents of said M-bit LFSR means; (6) repeating steps 4 through 5 once for each byte of said reverse error syndrome, said bytes recalled in step 4 being chosen in a sequence such that said reverse error syndrome is formed in said M-bit LFSR means; (7) initializing said q-bit-wide register/counter means to a predetermined start count; (8) simultaneously indicating each of the following operations and concurrently performing said operations:(a) performing a recycling operation to replace the contents of said M-bit LFSR means with the results of operating upon the contents of said M-bit LFSR means as of the start of said recycle operation, said recycling operation using the reverse of said error-check polynomial, (b) trapping the reverse of the pattern of said introduced error by examining, in an error-trap means, the contents of said M-bit LFSR means as of the start of said recycle operation to determine if a correctable error has been identified and, if said identification of a correctable error occurs, asserting an error-identified signal and providing said error-identified signal directly and immediately from said error-trap means to said M-bit LFSR means and to said q-bit-wide register/counter means; (c) maintaining and updating, in said q-bit-wide register/counter means, count information indicative of the number of said recycling operations performed and if said count reaches a predetermined limit count, asserting a limit-count signal and providing said limit-count signal directly and immediately from said q-bit-wide register/counter means to said M-bit LFSR means; (9) repeating step 8 at the rate of a free-running clock signal until, in response to assertion of either said error-identified signal or said limit-count signal, said recycling operations stop when the number of said recycling operations performed is evenly divisible by q; (10) if said limit-count signal is asserted and if additional recycling operations may identify said error introduced in said received digital message word, then returning to and continuing from step 7; and, (11) making available, after said identification of a correctable error:(a) q-bit bytes of the pattern of said correctable error from the contents of said M-bit LFSR means via said set of q conductors, said q-bit bytes having boundaries that align with the boundaries of the q-bit bytes of said received digital message word, whereby said q-bit bytes of said reverse error pattern may be used, unchanged in bit order and without external bit shifting to align said boundaries, to correct said q-bit bytes of said received digital message word that contain said introduced error; and, (b) said count information from said q-bit-wide register/counter means as information indicative of the byte offset of the location of said correctable error within said received digital message word.
 15. A method for reversing an error syndrome that consists of multiple q-bit bytes, that resides in an M-bit LFSR means, and that is derived from a received digital message word consisting of multiple q-bit bytes and being a corrupted version of a transmitted digital message word generated using a shortened cyclic code based on an error-check polynomial, said method further being for attempting to identify the location and pattern of the error introduced into said received digital message word, comprising:(1) transferring a q-bit byte of said error syndrome from said M-bit LFSR means, where q is greater than one and less than M, that has one or more q-bit-wide data output ports to a processor means that has a q-bit-wide data input port through at least one set of q conductors, the conductor connected to the most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, the conductor connected to the next most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the next least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, and similarly for all of said bits, such that the order of said bits is directly and immediately reversed by said q conductors, thereby converting each q-bit byte of said error syndrome form said one or more LFSR q-bit-wide data output ports to a corresponding q-bit byte of the reverse of said error syndrome at said processor q-bit-wide input port; (2) storing, in said processor means, said reverse error syndrome byte transferred in step 1; (3) repeating steps 1 through 2 in a sequence such that all bytes of said error syndrome are transferred and all bytes of the reverse of said error syndrome are stored; (4) recalling unchanged in bit order form said processor means, one of said reverse error syndrome bytes stored in step 2; (5) transferring said reverse error syndrome byte recalled in step 4 from said processor means to a q-bit-wide register/counter means and subsequently from said q-bit-wide register/counter means to said m-bit LFSR means, said transfer displacing the previous contents of said M-bit LFSR means; (6) repeating steps 4 through 5 once for each byte of said reverse error syndrome, said bytes recalled in step 4 being chosen in a sequence such that said reverse error syndrome is formed in said M-bit LFSR means; (7) initializing said q-bit-wide register/counter means to a predetermined start count; (8) simultaneously initiating each of the following operations and concurrently performing said operation:(a) performing a recycling operation to replace the contents of said M-bit LFSR means with the results of operating upon the contents of said M-bit LFSR means as of the start of said recycle operation, said recycling operation using the reverse of said error-check polynomial, (b) trapping the reverse of the pattern of said introduced error by examining, in an error-trap means, the contents of said M-bit LFSR means as of the start of said recycle operation to determine if a correctable error has been identified by examining each end of said M-bit LFSR means for the presence of a contiguous string of logical zeros and, if said identification of a correctable error occurs, asserting an error-identified signal and providing said error-identified signal directly and immediately from said error-trap means to said M-bit LFSR means and to said q-bit-wide register/counter means; (c) maintaining and updating, in said q-bit-wide register/counter means, counter information indicative of the number of said recycling operations performed and, if said count reaches a predetermined limit count, asserting a limit-count signal and providing said limit-count signal directly and immediately from said q-bit-wide register/counter means and to said M-bit LFSR means; (9) repeating step 8 at the rate of a free-running clock signal until, in response to assertion of either said error-identified signal or said limit-count signal, said recycling operations stop when the number of said recycling operations performed is evenly divisible by q; (10)if said limit-count signal is asserted and if additional recycling operations may identify said error introduced in said received digital message word, then returning to and continuing from step 7; and (11) making available, after said identification of a correctable error:(a) q-bit bytes of the pattern of said correctable error from the contents of said M-bit LFSR means via said set of q conductors, said q-bit bytes having boundaries that align with the boundaries of the q-bit bytes of said received digital message word, whereby said q-bit bytes of said reverse error pattern may be used, unchanged in bit order and without external bit shifting to align said boundaries, to correct said q-bit bytes of said received digital message word that contain said introduced error; and (b) said count information from said q-bit-wide register/counter means as information indicative of the byte offset of the location of said correctable error within said received digital message word.
 16. In an apparatus for reversing an error syndrome of a received digital message word, consisting of multiple q-bit bytes, that is a corrupted version of a transmitted digital message word generated from an original digital message word using a shortened cyclic code based on an error-check polynomial, said error syndrome consisting of multiple q-bit bytes and residing in an M-bit LFSR means, and for performing a computation to attempt to identify the location and the pattern of an error introduced into said received digital message word by recycling said reverse error syndrome in an M-bit LFSR means using the reverse of said error-check polynomial, an improved network comprising:error-trap means including a data input port; M-bit LFSR means including a first data output port connected to said error-trap means data input port, and one or more second data output ports, each of said second data output ports being q-bit-wide, where q is greater than one and less than M, for providing q-bit bytes of said error syndrome from the contents of said LFSR means, and further including a data input port for receiving q-bit bytes of the reverse of said error syndrome, said q-bit reverse error syndrome bytes displacing the previous contents of said M-bit LFSR means; processor means including a q-bit-wide data output port, and a q-bit-wide data input port for receiving a sequence of q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome and for receiving one or more q-bit bytes of the pattern of said correctable error; first coupling means coupling at least one of said LFSR q-bit-wide second data output ports to said processor q-bit-wide data input port, said first coupling means including q conductors, the conductor connected to the most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide second data output port being connected to the least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, the conductor connected to the next most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide second data output port being connected to the next least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, and similarly for all of said bits, such that the order of said bits is directly and immediately reversed by said q conductors, thereby:(1) converting each q-bit byte of said error syndrome from said one or more LFSR q-bit-wide second data output ports to a corresponding q-bit byte of said reverse error syndrome at said processor q-bit-wide data input port; and, converting each q-bit byte of the reverse of the pattern of said correctable error from said one or more LFSR q-bit-wide second data output ports to a corresponding q-bit byte of the pattern of said correctable error at said processor q-bit wide data input port; q-bit-wide register/counter means including a first data output port connected to said LFSR data input port, and a q-bit-wide data input port for receiving said q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome, said q-bit-wide register/counter means providing said q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome at said first data output port, said q-bit-wide register/counter means further including a second data output port; second coupling means coupling said processor q-bit-wide data output port to said q-bit-wide register/counter data input port, said second coupling means including q conductors, the conductor connected to the most significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the most significant bit of said q-bit-wide register/counter input port, the conductor connected to the next most significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the next most significant bit of said q-bit-wide register/counter input port, and similarly for all of said bits, such that the order of said bits is unchanged, thereby directly and immediately coupling each q-bit byte of said reverse error syndrome from said processor q-bit-wide data output port to said register/counter q-bit-wide data input port; said processor means further being a means for producing unchanged in bit order, at said processor q-bit-wide data output port, said q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome in a sequence ordered such that said reverse error syndrome is formed in said LFSR means; said M-bit LFSR means and said q-bit-wide register/counter means each being connected to receive and each being operative from a free-running clock signal originating external to said network, and each being connected to receive an initiation signal; said M-bit LFSR means responding to said initiation signal by recycling said reverse error syndrome in a series of recycling operations, and by providing at said LFSR first data output port information about the contents of said M-bit LFSR means as of each recycling operation, said series of recycling operations occurring at the rate of said free-running clock signal. said error-trap means examining said information about said LFSR contents to determine if a correctable error has been identified, generating a first termination signal upon identification of a correctable error, and providing directly and immediately said first termination signal to said M-bit LFSR means, to said q-bit-wide register/counter means and to said processor means, said examining occurring during each recycling operation of said series of recycling operations and occurring at the rate of said free-running clock signal; said q-bit-wide register/counter means responding to said initiation signal by updating and maintaining count information about the number of said recycling operations that have occurred since the most recent occurrence of said initiation signal, by examining said count information to determine if a limit count has been reached, by generating a second termination signal upon said reaching of said limit count, and by directly and immediately providing said second termination signal to said M-bit LFSR means and to said processor means, said updating and said examining occurring during said recycling operations and occurring at a rate responsive to the rate of said free-running clock signal, said register/counter means providing, after termination of said series of recycling operations, said count information at said second data output port; said M-bit LFSR means stopping said series of recycling operations in response to either said first termination signal or said second termination signal when the number of said recycling operations performed is evenly divisible by q to provide, at said q-bit wide register/counter means second data output port, information indicative of the byte offset of the location of said introduced error within said received digital message word, and further to provide, form the contents of said M-bit LFSR means through said LFSR means second data output port and through said first coupling means, q-bit bytes of the pattern of said introduced error having boundaries that align with the boundaries of said bytes of said received digital message word; said processor means further providing an initiation signal both to said M-bit LFSR means and to said q-bit-wide register/counter means both at the beginning of said series of recycling operations and in response to occurrences of said second termination signal when additional recycling operations may identify said error introduced in said received digital message word; whereby said network in response to said initiation signal being self operative without external intervention, external control or program control to perform and to count recycling operations occurring at the rate of said free-running clock signal until said network identifies a correctable error or reaches a limit count; whereby after identification of a correctable error, said processor means may receive q-bit bytes of the pattern of said correctable error from said one or more LFSR second data output ports through said first coupling means, and said processor may receive information indicative of the byte offset of the location of said correctable error within said received digital message word from said q-bit-wide register/counter second data output port; and whereby said q-bit-bytes of said error pattern may be used, unchanged in bit order and without external bit shifting to align said boundaries, to correct said q-bit bytes of said received digital message word that contain said introduced error.
 17. In an apparatus for reversing an error syndrome of a received digital message word, consisting of multiple q-bit bytes, that is a corrupted version of a transmitted digital message word generated from an original digital message word using a shortened cyclic code based on an error-check polynomial, said error syndrome consisting of multiple q-bit bytes and residing in an M-bit LFSR means, and for performing a computation to attempt to identify the location and the pattern of an error introduced into said received digital message word by recycling said reverse error syndrome in an M-bit LFSR means using the reverse of said error-check polynomial, an improved network comprising:error-trap means including a data input port; M-bit LFSR means data input port, and one or more second data output ports, each of said second data output ports being q-bit-wide, where q is greater than one and less than M, for providing q-bit bytes of said error syndrome from the contents of said LFSR means, and further including a data input port for receiving q-bit bytes of the reverse of said error syndrome, said q-bit reverse error syndrome bytes displacing the previous contents of said M-bit LFSR means; processor means including a q-bit-wide data output port, and a q-bit-wide data input port for receiving a sequence of q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome and for receiving one or more q-bit bytes of the pattern of said correctable error; first coupling means coupling at least one of said LFSR q-bit-wide second data output ports to said processor q-bit-wide data input port, said first coupling means including q conductors, the conductor connected to the most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide second data output port being connected to the least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, the conductor connected to the next most significant bit of said LFSR q-bit-wide second data output port being connected to the next least significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data input port, and similarly for all of said bits, such that the order of said bits is directly and immediately reversed by said q conductors, thereby:(1) converting each q-bit byte of said error syndrome from said one or more LFSR q-bit-wide second data output ports to a corresponding q-bit byte of said reverse error syndrome at said processor q-bit-wide data input port; and, (2) converting each q-bit byte of the reverse of the pattern of said correctable error from said one or more LFSR q-bit-wide second data output ports to a corresponding q-bit byte of the pattern of said correctable error at said processor q-bit wide data input port; q-bit-wide register/counter means including a first data output port connected to said LFSR data input port, and a q-bit-wide data input port for receiving said q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome, said q-bit-wide register/counter means providing said q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome at said first data output port, said q-bit-wide register/counter means further including a second data output port; second coupling means coupling said processor q-bit-wide data output port to said q-bit-wide register/counter data input port, said second coupling means including q conductors, the conductor connected to the most significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the most significant bit of said q-bit-wide register/counter input port, the conductor connected to the next most significant bit of said processor q-bit-wide data output port being connected to the next most significant bit of said q-bit-wide register/counter input port, and similarly for all of said bits, such that the order of said bits is unchanged, thereby directly and immediately coupling each q-bit byte of said reverse error syndrome from said processor q-bit-wide wide data output port to said register/counter q-bit-wide data input port; said processor means further being a means for producing unchanged in bit order, at said processor q-bit-wide data output port, said q-bit bytes of said reverse error syndrome in a sequence ordered such that said reverse error syndrome is formed in said LFSR means; said M-bit LFSR means and said q-bit-wide register/counter means connected to receive and each being operative from a free-running clock signal originating external to said network, and each being connected to receive an initiation signal; said M-bit LFSR means responding to said initiation signal by recycling said reverse error syndrome in a series of recycling operations, and by providing at said LFSR first data output port information about the contents of said M-bit LFSR means as of each recycling operation, said series of recycling operations occurring at the rate of said free-running clock signal, said error-trap means examining said information about said LFSR contents to determine if a correctable error has been identified by examining both end of said M-bit LFSR means for the presence of a contiguous string of logical zeros, generating a first termination signal upon identification of a correctable error, and providing directly and immediately said first termination signal to said M-bit LFSR means, to said q-bit-wide register/counter means and to said processor means, said examining occurring during each recycling operation of said series of recycling operations and occurring at the rate of said free-running clock signal; said q-bit-wide register/counter means responding to said initiation signal by updating and maintaining count information about the number of said recycling operations that have occurred since the most recent occurrence of said initiation signal, by examining said count information to determine if a limit count has been reached, by generating a second termination signal upon said reaching of said limit count, and by directly and immediately providing said second termination signal to said M-bit LFSR means and to said processor means, said updating and said examining occurring during said recycling operations and occurring at a rate responsive to the rate of said free-running clock signal, said register/counter means providing, after termination of said series of recycling operations, said count information at said second data output port; said M-bit LFSR means stopping said series of recycling operations and said q-bit-wide register/counter means stopping said updating in response to either said first termination signal or said second termination signal when the number of said recycling operations performed is evenly divisible by q to provide, at said q-bit-wide register/counter means second data output port, information indicative error within said received digital message word, and further to provide, for the contents of said M-bit LFSR means through said LFSR means second data output port and through said first coupling means, q-bit bytes of the pattern of said introduced error having boundaries that align with the boundaries of said bytes of said received digital message word; said processor means further providing an initiation signal both to said M-bit LFSR means and to said q-bit-wide register/counter means both at the beginning of said series of recycling operations and in response to occurrences of said second termination signal when additional recycling operations may identify said error introduced in said received digital message word; said network in response to said initiation signal being self operative without external intervention, external control or program control to perform and to count recycling operations occurring at the rate of said free-running clock signal until said network identifies a correctable error or reaches a limit count; whereby after identification of a correctable error, said processor means may receive q-bit bytes of the pattern of said correctable error from said one or more LFSR second data output ports through said first coupling means, and said processor may receive information indicative of the byte offset of the location of said correctable error within said received digital message word from said q-bit-wide register/counter second data output port; and whereby said q-bit bytes of said error pattern may be used, unchanged in bit order and without external bit shifting to align said boundaries, to correct said q-bit bytes of said received digital message word that contain said introduced error. 